Basic Science and Renal Transplant
Basic Science and Renal Transplant Basic physiology of bladder and urethra Bladder The bladder has an endothelial lining (urothelium) on a connective tissue base (lamina propria), surrounded by smooth muscle…
Urological Surgery and Equipment
Urological Surgery and Equipment Preparation of the patient for urological surgery The degree of preparation is related to the complexity of the procedure. Certain aspects of examination (pulse rate, BP)…
Paediatric Urology
Paediatric Urology Embryology: urinary tract Following fertilization, a blastocyte (sphere of cells) is created, which implants into the uterine endometrium on day 6. The early embryonic disc of tissue develops…
Urological Eponyms
Urological Eponyms Alcock’s canal: canal for the internal pudendal vessels and nerve in the ischiorectal fossa. Benjamin Alcock (b 1801). Professor of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology (1837) at the Apothecaries…
Sexual Health
Sexual Health Physiology of erection and ejaculation Innervation Autonomic: sympathetic nerves originating from T11-L2 and parasympathetic nerves originating from S2-4 join to form the pelvic plexus. The cavernosal nerves are…
Neuropathic Bladder
Neuropathic Bladder Innervation of the lower urinary tract (LUT) Motor innervation of the bladder Parasympathetic motor innervation of the bladder Preganglionic, parasympathetic nerve cell bodies are located in the intermediolateral…
Trauma to the Urinary Tract and Other Urological Emergencies
Trauma to the Urinary Tract and Other Urological Emergencies Initial resuscitation of the traumatized patient The resuscitation of the traumatized patient is usually initiated in the field by the paramedic…
Urological Problems in Pregnancy
Urological Problems in Pregnancy Physiological and anatomical changes in the urinary tract Upper urinary tract Renal size enlarges: by 1cm, secondary to increased interstitial volume and distended renal vasculature, with…
Urological Neoplasia
Urological Neoplasia Basic pathology and molecular biology Neoplasia (the formation and growth of a tumour) may be a benign or malignant process. Malignant neoplasms, characterized by local invasion of normal…
Infertility
Infertility Male reproductive physiology Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis The hypothalamus secretes luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), also known asgonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This causes the pulsatile release of anterior pituitary gonadotrophins called follicle-stimulating hormone…
