Abdominal Key

Although bone harbors almost all of the body stores of calcium, the kidneys serve as the regulator of calcium homeostasis. Calcium filtered at the glomerulus is extensively reabsorbed by proximal…

The SLC4 ( s o l ute c arrier 4) family is a group of a membrane proteins that share sequence homology and in general mediate the transport of bicarbonate….

Magnesium plays a vital role in virtually all cellular processes as a cofactor of enzymes, a structural element of proteins and nucleic acids, and a modulator of receptors and ion…

Hyperkalemia is a common electrolyte disorder that may cause life threatening cardiac arrhythmia. The trans-cellular distribution of K + limits the acute rise in P K . Regulation of K…

Hypernatremia can occur with normal, increased or decreased total body sodium content. In healthy individuals and in normal conditions, the plasma concentration of sodium ranges between 136 and 143 mEq/l…

Potassium (K + ) deficiency is a common and eventually life-treating condition. Hypokalemia is defined as serum K+ level less than 3.5 mM. This chapter, together with cornerstone mechanisms, reviews…

Sodium and its accompanying anions are the principle osmotically active solutes in extracellular fluid. When extracellular osmolality is low, intracellular osmolality is equally low. Therefore, although there are exceptions (Table…

The SLC4 ( s o l ute c arrier 4) family is a group of a membrane proteins that share sequence homology and in general mediate the transport of bicarbonate….

The regulation of acid–base balance depends on renal mechanisms that determine net excretion of acid or base and breathing mechanisms that alter the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO 2…

Thirst and the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin, are the principal elements of a powerful homeostatic system that regulates the “effective” osmotic pressure of body fluids. This variable, usually referred to…