Indications Contraindications Relative Absolute Nephrotic syndrome Severe azotemia Uncooperative patient  Routinely in adults Renal anatomic abnormalities Uncontrollable hypertension  If atypical for MCD in children Antiplatelet therapy or anticoagulation Uncontrollable bleeding…

Fig. 8.1 Cancer-specific survival among patients diagnosed with CDC or RMC as reported by Abern et al. The x-axis represents the proportion of patients surviving and the y-axis represents time…

Fig. 9.1 Mucinous and tubular spindle cell carcinoma. (a) Inter-anastomosing cords of cells in a mucinous background are seen at low magnification. (b) Tumor cells show relatively uniform nuclei with…

Fig. 11.1 Wilms tumor Histologically, WT most commonly shows three distinct components that consist of blastemal, epithelial, and stromal elements (Fig. 11.2a). Biphasic and monophasic patterns may also occur. The…

Fig. 2.1 Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease . The kidney is massively enlarged with innumerable cysts Histologically, the cysts are lined by a single layer of cuboidal or flattened epithelial…

Fig. 7.1 Computed tomography scan from a 34-year-old woman with (a) a tumor of the left kidney (T3aN2M1), (b) metastases to the paraaortal lymph nodes, (c) left pubic bone, and…

Syndrome (abbreviation) Gene (protein) Chromosome location Renal pathology Other clinical manifestations Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome VHL (pVHL) 3p25 Clear cell RCC, cystic renal cell carcinoma, renal cysts Central nervous system…

Fig. 10.1 Classic angiomyolipoma with various amounts of adipose tissue , smooth muscle, and thickened vessels (Hematoxylin eosin, 20×) Fig. 10.2 Spindle cell variant of angiomyolipoma with a predominant smooth…

Fig. 13.1 (a) H&E and (b) PAS. Diffuse mesangial sclerosis is characterized by increased matrix deposition in mesangial regions and represents one of the earlier changes in diabetic glomerular injury….