Gastrointestinal Motility
Fig. 2.1 Transverse section of intestinal smooth muscles. Gap junctions (arrows) are points of low electrical resistance between cells. They allow depolarizing signals to be instantaneously propagated to a large…
Intestinal Water and Electrolyte Transport
Fig. 5.1 Daily volumes of fluid entering and being absorbed by the gastrointestinal system, and excreted into feces. Fully 98 % of the fluid load is absorbed in the intestine, with…
Gastric Physiology
Fig. 3.1 Anatomical and functional regions of the stomach . The anatomical division of the stomach consists of the fundus, antrum, and corpus (body) that reflects differences in motor function….
Digestion and Absorption of Other Dietary Lipids
Fig. 8.1 Intestinal sterol absorption and secretion. Sterols including free cholesterol (FC) and free plant sterols (PS) from diet and bile are mixed with phospholipids (PL) and bile acids (BA)…
Pancreatic Physiology
Fig. 4.1 A schematic diagram showing the structure and functional unit of the exocrine pancreas . The acinus is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas, which is composed of…
Protein Synthesis and Nutrient Metabolism
Protein Mol. Wt. (kDa) Function Ligand binding Albumin 66 Binding and carrier protein, osmotic regulator Hormones, amino acids, steroids, vitamins, fatty acids α-1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) 40 Uncertain, may have role…
Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Triglycerides
Fig. 7.1 Basic structure of triglycerides 3 Triglyceride Digestion 3.1 Intragastric Events Several important steps in triglyceride digestion occur within the stomach . Lipase activity is readily detected in the…
Absorption of Water-Soluble Vitamins and Minerals
Essential mineral elements must also be absorbed to maintain normal physiological function and health. The typical diet contains several hundred milligrams per day of macrominerals such as calcium, sodium, potassium,…
Minimally Invasive Three-Field Esophagectomy
Fig. 5.1 Operating room setup for thoracoscopic esophagectomy Fig. 5.2 Port placement for thoracoscopic esophagectomy It is usually not necessary to divide the inferior pulmonary ligament and dissection of the…
Laparoscopic Technique for Low Anterior Resection
Fig. 21.1 Theater organization for laparoscopic low anterior resection The surgeon works from the patient’s right with an assistant to the left of the surgeon and on the left side…
