Hemodialysis

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Hemodialysis
Hemodialysis (HD) sustains life for more than 2.5 million patients throughout the world. Without it, most would die within a few weeks, thus highlighting the need among caregivers to gain…
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The Immunobiology of Transplantation

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on The Immunobiology of Transplantation
Key Points • Allograft rejection occurs because the recipient’s immune system recognizes the donor’s human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) as nonself through three pathways. In the direct pathway, recipient CD8 T…
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Diagnostic Kidney Imaging

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Diagnostic Kidney Imaging
Key Points • Imaging tests are tailored to be applied to specific clinical scenarios and are often modified to address specific clinical questions. • Positron emission tomography with several different…
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Critical Care Nephrology

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Critical Care Nephrology
Key Points • Critical care nephrology is an evolving field that requires understanding of the pathobiology of critical illness as a multisystem condition characterized by crosstalk between multiple organs during…
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Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy
Key Points • Although poststenotic kidneys may lose glomerular filtration rate and tissue volume, the contralateral kidney without stenosis undergoes compensatory hypertrophy. These changes mask the damage to the affected…
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Considerations in Living Kidney Donation

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Considerations in Living Kidney Donation
Key Points • Considering practicality, test availability, and costs, the initial estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) should be based on serum creatinine (eGFRcr) and confirmation using one or more of…
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Enhanced Elimination of Poisons

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Enhanced Elimination of Poisons
Key points • Treatment of poisonings includes aggressive supportive care and consideration of antidotes, gastrointestinal decontamination, and elimination enhancement techniques. • Characteristics that favor elimination of a poison with extracorporeal…
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