Abdominal Key

Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

May 21, 2026 by admin in Uncategorized Comments Off on Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a major medical emergency where metabolic failure puts the patient’s life at extreme risk.  It’s characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis resulting from absolute or…

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The Gut-Brain Connection During Addiction Recovery

May 21, 2026 by admin in Uncategorized Comments Off on The Gut-Brain Connection During Addiction Recovery

Med school students usually center the conversation around addiction on neurotransmitters, behavioral therapy, and relapse prevention.  Yes, they’re all important… but there’s another factor that doesn’t get nearly enough attention:…

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Diagnostic Kidney Imaging

May 7, 2026 by drzezo in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Diagnostic Kidney Imaging

Key Points • Imaging tests are tailored to be applied to specific clinical scenarios and are often modified to address specific clinical questions. • Positron emission tomography with several different…

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Interventional Nephrology: Managing Dialysis Access and Kidney Biopsy

May 7, 2026 by drzezo in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Interventional Nephrology: Managing Dialysis Access and Kidney Biopsy

Key Points • Interventional nephrologists are specialists in placing and maintaining vascular and peritoneal dialysis access options for patients with end-stage kidney disease. • Dialysis access is the lifeline for…

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Early Life Origins of Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease

May 7, 2026 by drzezo in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Early Life Origins of Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease

Key Points • Being born too early (preterm) or too small (small for gestational age) are risk factors for longer-term hypertension and kidney disease. • Preterm birth and being small…

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The Pathophysiology of Uremia

May 7, 2026 by drzezo in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on The Pathophysiology of Uremia

Key Points • Uremia is a clinical syndrome with a wide range of signs and symptoms rather than a well-circumscribed disease. • The uremic syndrome is likely caused by the…

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Global Challenges and Progress in Kidney Health

May 7, 2026 by drzezo in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Global Challenges and Progress in Kidney Health

Key Points • The global burden of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is rising. Impaired kidney function is the seventh leading global risk factor for death. • In lower-income regions CKD…

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Hemodialysis

May 7, 2026 by drzezo in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Hemodialysis

Hemodialysis (HD) sustains life for more than 2.5 million patients throughout the world. Without it, most would die within a few weeks, thus highlighting the need among caregivers to gain…

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Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy

May 7, 2026 by drzezo in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Renovascular Hypertension and Ischemic Nephropathy

Key Points • Although poststenotic kidneys may lose glomerular filtration rate and tissue volume, the contralateral kidney without stenosis undergoes compensatory hypertrophy. These changes mask the damage to the affected…

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Childhood Kidney Disease

May 7, 2026 by drzezo in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Childhood Kidney Disease

Key Points • Pediatric kidney disease is intrinsically different from adult kidney disease, with unique genetic, developmental, and congenital bases not commonly seen in adults requiring age-specific diagnostics and therapeutic…

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