Endoscopic Management of Portal Hypertension
Management No varices Repeat endoscopy in 3 years (sooner if decompensation occurs) Small varices In a CTP B/C patient or varices with red signs Nonselective β-blockers (propranolol or nadolol)…
Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Phenotype Histological features Example agents Acute fatty liver with lactic acidosis Microvesicular hepatic steatosis ± other tissue involvement Didanosine, Fialuridine, Valproate Acute hepatic necrosis Collapse and necrosis of liver parenchyma…
Metabolic and Genetic Liver Diseases: Alpha-1 Anti-trypsin Deficiency
Phenotype Alpha-1 antirtypsin serum level (% of normal) [36] Risk of emphysema Risk of liver disease Pi*ZZ 12–15 % High High Pi*MZ 69–85 % Minimally increased Slightly increased Pi*SZ 33–39…
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Fig. 13.1 Mechanisms for ALD: “2nd Hit” Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Oxidative stress is an imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants (Reviewed-[5]). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species…
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Insulin resistance Alcohol Medications (corticosteroids, amiodarone, tamoxifen, methotrexate, anti-retrovirals, valproic acid) Starvation Total parenteral nutrition Wilson Disease Hepatitis C virus infection (genotype 3) Lipodystrophy Organic solvents Abetalipoproteinemia Acute fatty liver…
Autoimmune Liver Diseases: Overlap Syndromes
Overlap syndrome Diagnostic features AIH > PBC Typical AIH with prominent interface hepatitis [16, 37, 60, 61] Serum AP level <2-fold ULN [16, 94] Serum IgG level above ULN [61]…
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017Kia Saeian and Reza Shaker (eds.)Liver Disordershttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30103-7_33 33. Hepatopulmonary Syndrome Rahul Sudhir Nanchal1 and Tessa Damm2 (1) Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA (2) Department of…
Do I Need a Liver Biopsy?
Benign Cysts (e.g., simple cyst, biliary cyst, ciliated foregut cyst, hydatid disease) Adenoma (e.g., hepatic adenoma, biliary adenoma, biliary cyst adenoma) Biliary hamartoma Focal nodular hyperplasia Hemangioma Rare primary liver…
Preoperative and Postoperative Care of the Liver Patient
1 Point 2 Points 3 Points Bilirubin (mg/dL) <2 2–3 >3 Albumin (g/dL) >3.5 2.8–3.5 <2.8 PT prolong (sec) <4 4–6 >6 Ascites None Easily controlled Poorly controlled Encephalopathy…
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP)
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017Kia Saeian and Reza Shaker (eds.)Liver Disordershttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30103-7_31 31. Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) Adam J. Schiro1 (1) Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave,…
