Urological Eponyms
Urological Eponyms Alcock’s canal: canal for the internal pudendal vessels and nerve in the ischiorectal fossa. Benjamin Alcock (b 1801). Professor of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology (1837) at the Apothecaries…
Sexual Health
Sexual Health Physiology of erection and ejaculation Innervation Autonomic: sympathetic nerves originating from T11-L2 and parasympathetic nerves originating from S2-4 join to form the pelvic plexus. The cavernosal nerves are…
Neuropathic Bladder
Neuropathic Bladder Innervation of the lower urinary tract (LUT) Motor innervation of the bladder Parasympathetic motor innervation of the bladder Preganglionic, parasympathetic nerve cell bodies are located in the intermediolateral…
Trauma to the Urinary Tract and Other Urological Emergencies
Trauma to the Urinary Tract and Other Urological Emergencies Initial resuscitation of the traumatized patient The resuscitation of the traumatized patient is usually initiated in the field by the paramedic…
Urological Problems in Pregnancy
Urological Problems in Pregnancy Physiological and anatomical changes in the urinary tract Upper urinary tract Renal size enlarges: by 1cm, secondary to increased interstitial volume and distended renal vasculature, with…
Urological Neoplasia
Urological Neoplasia Basic pathology and molecular biology Neoplasia (the formation and growth of a tumour) may be a benign or malignant process. Malignant neoplasms, characterized by local invasion of normal…
Infertility
Infertility Male reproductive physiology Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis The hypothalamus secretes luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), also known asgonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This causes the pulsatile release of anterior pituitary gonadotrophins called follicle-stimulating hormone…
Stone Disease
Stone Disease Kidney stones: epidemiology What is the risk of de novo stone formation? Previous editions of this book have stated that ˜10% of Caucasian men will develop a kidney…
Upper Tract Obstruction, Loin Pain, Hydronephrosis
Upper Tract Obstruction, Loin Pain, Hydronephrosis Hydronephrosis Dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces (Fig. 10.1). When combined with dilatation of the ureters, known as hydroureteronephrosis. Obstructive nephropathy is damage…
Miscellaneous Urological Diseases of the Kidney
Miscellaneous Urological Diseases of the Kidney Simple and complex renal cysts Simple renal cysts: do not communicate with any part of the nephron or the renal pelvis. They are mainly…
