Urological Problems in Pregnancy Physiological and anatomical changes in the urinary tract Upper urinary tract Renal size enlarges: by 1cm, secondary to increased interstitial volume and distended renal vasculature, with…
Urological Neoplasia Basic pathology and molecular biology Neoplasia (the formation and growth of a tumour) may be a benign or malignant process. Malignant neoplasms, characterized by local invasion of normal…
Infertility Male reproductive physiology Hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis The hypothalamus secretes luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), also known asgonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH). This causes the pulsatile release of anterior pituitary gonadotrophins called follicle-stimulating hormone…
Stone Disease Kidney stones: epidemiology What is the risk of de novo stone formation? Previous editions of this book have stated that ˜10% of Caucasian men will develop a kidney…
Upper Tract Obstruction, Loin Pain, Hydronephrosis Hydronephrosis Dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces (Fig. 10.1). When combined with dilatation of the ureters, known as hydroureteronephrosis. Obstructive nephropathy is damage…
Miscellaneous Urological Diseases of the Kidney Simple and complex renal cysts Simple renal cysts: do not communicate with any part of the nephron or the renal pelvis. They are mainly…
Incontinence and Female Urology Incontinence: classification Definition Urinary incontinence (UI) is the complaint of any involuntary leakage of urine.1 It results from a failure to store urine during the filling…
Infections and Inflammatory Conditions Urinary tract infection: definitions and epidemiology Definitions Urinary tract infection (UTI) UTI is currently defined as the inflammatory response of the urothelium to bacterial invasion. This…
Bladder Outlet Obstruction Regulation of prostate growth and development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) BPH is characterized by an increase in epithelial and stromal cell numbers (hyperplasia) in the peri-urethral…
Urological Investigations Assessing kidney function When we talk about measuring kidney function, what we mean is measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). This is regarded as the best measure of…
