Fig. 12.1 General scheme of ammonia metabolism in the liver . Solid arrows, pathways of ammonia utilization; broken arrows, pathways of ammonia formation (Reproduced with permission from Ampola [1]) The…
Fig. 2.1 Transverse section of intestinal smooth muscles. Gap junctions (arrows) are points of low electrical resistance between cells. They allow depolarizing signals to be instantaneously propagated to a large…
Fig. 5.1 Daily volumes of fluid entering and being absorbed by the gastrointestinal system, and excreted into feces. Fully 98 % of the fluid load is absorbed in the intestine, with…
Fig. 3.1 Anatomical and functional regions of the stomach . The anatomical division of the stomach consists of the fundus, antrum, and corpus (body) that reflects differences in motor function….
Fig. 8.1 Intestinal sterol absorption and secretion. Sterols including free cholesterol (FC) and free plant sterols (PS) from diet and bile are mixed with phospholipids (PL) and bile acids (BA)…
Fig. 4.1 A schematic diagram showing the structure and functional unit of the exocrine pancreas . The acinus is the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas, which is composed of…
Protein Mol. Wt. (kDa) Function Ligand binding Albumin 66 Binding and carrier protein, osmotic regulator Hormones, amino acids, steroids, vitamins, fatty acids α-1-acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) 40 Uncertain, may have role…
Fig. 7.1 Basic structure of triglycerides 3 Triglyceride Digestion 3.1 Intragastric Events Several important steps in triglyceride digestion occur within the stomach . Lipase activity is readily detected in the…
Essential mineral elements must also be absorbed to maintain normal physiological function and health. The typical diet contains several hundred milligrams per day of macrominerals such as calcium, sodium, potassium,…
Fig. 5.1 Operating room setup for thoracoscopic esophagectomy Fig. 5.2 Port placement for thoracoscopic esophagectomy It is usually not necessary to divide the inferior pulmonary ligament and dissection of the…
