Normal Transnasal Esophagoscopy
Normal Transnasal Esophagoscopy The esophagus is a muscular tube that originates in the pharynx and terminates in the stomach. It begins at the level of the 6th cervical vertebrae at…
GASTROENTEROLOGY
Technique and Endoscopic Anatomy of Nasal Cavity and Hypopharynx
Technique and Endoscopic Anatomy of Nasal Cavity and Hypopharynx Introduction Transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE) is performed by placing a small-caliber, flexible endoscope via the nose into the hypopharynx and then into…
Indications for Transnasal Esophagoscopy
Indications for Transnasal Esophagoscopy The indications for transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE) can be divided into two main categories: those with esophageal and those with extraesophageal requirements for the procedure. These indications…
Mesenchymal Tumors
Mesenchymal Tumors General Comments Gastrointestinal (GI) spindle cell tumors caused diagnostic confusion for decades. Previously, most were diagnosed as either smooth muscle or neural tumors. However, following decades of ultrastructural…
Lymphoproliferative Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Lymphoproliferative Disorders of the Gastrointestinal Tract In this discussion of gastrointestinal lymphoproliferative disorders the emphasis will be on neoplastic diseases. The lymphoid hyperplasias will be considered only in the context…
Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Lesions
Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Lesions General Organization of the Gastrointestinal System The gastrointestinal neuroendocrine system (GNES) is the largest and most complex endocrine organ in the body (1). The gut contains numerous…
Neoplastic Lesions of the Anus
Neoplastic Lesions of the Anus General Comments Anal tumors are predominantly squamous in nature, and while they are rare, they have shown an increase in recent years due to the…
The Nonneoplastic Anus
The Nonneoplastic Anus Embryology The anal canal develops from the distal hindgut. Early in development, the hindgut, allantois, and urogenital tracts end in a common cloaca. Later, the urogenital septum…
Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma Incidence and Death Rates The highest incidence rates for colon cancer occur in North America, Australia, and New Zealand, as discussed previously in this chapter. The risk for colorectal…
Evaluation of Resection Specimens
Evaluation of Resection Specimens General Comments The unopened bowel should be carefully examined upon receipt from the operating room, then opened and pinned to a corkboard for fixation in 10%…
