This article provides a comprehensive review of the available data for immunotherapy being used as a salvage treatment in non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The literature demonstrates that the immune system has…
Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a challenging disease to treat, with few effective salvage intravesical options available for patients who develop bacillus Calmette-Guerin–unresponsive disease. Although radical cystectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy remains…
After Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) failure, there is likely a 6- to 24-month window whereby salvage intravesical therapy might allow for preservation of the bladder without disease worsening. Combination intravesical, salvage…
Apaziquone is an interesting drug for intravesical use in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer; however, more research is needed to prove its actual benefit. Although the apaziquone trials demonstrate…
Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer can be a challenging disease to manage. In recent years, hyperthermia therapy in conjunction with intravesical therapy has been gaining traction as a treatment option for bladder…
Despite therapy with intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, roughly 50% of patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer will recur. Although cystectomy is the oncologic gold standard in BCG unresponsive disease, salvage intravesical…
Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is heterogeneous, but current diagnostic and treatment strategies rely primarily on clinical parameters, lacking individualization to tumor and host genetics and biology. The heterogeneity of NMIBCs…
Despite the 40-year reign of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as the most effective immunotherapy in urologic cancers, a lack of clinical tools to predict treatment response has hampered progress in the…
Disease progression and recurrence are common among patients on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy, and options for bladder-preserving subsequent therapy remain limited. Ongoing efforts to develop better second-line bladder-sparing therapies rely…
The best predictors of response to intravesical immunotherapy are tumor grade and stage, tumor recurrence pattern, nomograms, panels of urinary cytokines, and fluorescent in situ hybridization patterns of urine cytology…
