Abdominal Key

Amino acids and small peptides are very efficiently reabsorbed at the level of the kidney proximal tubule by a series of specialized membrane proteins. In a first step, they are…

Calcium plays a vital role in several biological processes including normal neuromuscular transmission, muscular contractility, cellular signaling, enzyme function, and blood coagulation. Hence, the appropriate control of calcium homeostasis is…

Cell surface sensors for extracellular Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ provide an important mechanism for the regulation of diverse physiological processes by extracellular divalent mineral ions. These ion sensors function…

Transmembrane transport of HCO − 3 and CO 2 is central to body pH and volume homeostasis. The Na + -independent, electroneutral CI − /HCO − 3 exchangers AE1/Band 3…

Although bone harbors almost all of the body stores of calcium, the kidneys serve as the regulator of calcium homeostasis. Calcium filtered at the glomerulus is extensively reabsorbed by proximal…

The SLC4 ( s o l ute c arrier 4) family is a group of a membrane proteins that share sequence homology and in general mediate the transport of bicarbonate….

Magnesium plays a vital role in virtually all cellular processes as a cofactor of enzymes, a structural element of proteins and nucleic acids, and a modulator of receptors and ion…

Hyperkalemia is a common electrolyte disorder that may cause life threatening cardiac arrhythmia. The trans-cellular distribution of K + limits the acute rise in P K . Regulation of K…

Hypernatremia can occur with normal, increased or decreased total body sodium content. In healthy individuals and in normal conditions, the plasma concentration of sodium ranges between 136 and 143 mEq/l…

Potassium (K + ) deficiency is a common and eventually life-treating condition. Hypokalemia is defined as serum K+ level less than 3.5 mM. This chapter, together with cornerstone mechanisms, reviews…