Acute Liver Failure in Children
Fig. 70.1 Pathogenesis of liver cell injury is multifactorial with several factors influencing liver cell death and regeneration. When the net result is liver cell loss beyond a critical mass…
Normal Liver Anatomy and Introduction to Liver Histology
Fig. 53.1 Liver haematopoiesis A caudal part of the liver bud becomes the gallbladder and its stalk, the cystic duct [7]. The intrahepatic bile ducts develop from the limiting plates…
Congenital Disorders of Intestinal Electrolyte Transport
Fig. 36.1 Pathophysiological mechanisms of congenital disorders of intestinal electrolytes transport. 1 Familial diarrhea syndrome is due to a mutation in intestinal guanylate cyclase receptor (GC-C) for the endogenous ligands…
Wilson’s Disease
Biliary excretion is the only mechanism for copper elimination under physiological conditions, and it increases with increasing size of the hepatic copper pool. Trafficking of copper in and through the…
Acute Pancreatitis
Fig. 33.1 Early acute pancreatitis. Note edematous gland (black arrow) with a small amount of fluid (small arrow). No visible ducts or calcifications. (Images courtesy of Dr. David Gregg) Pathophysiology…
Lymphonodular Hyperplasia
All anatomical areas Giardiasis Granulation tissue polyps Inflammatory bowel disease Lymphangiectasia Lymphoma Multiple adenomatous or hyperplastic polyps Metastatic tumours Familial and sporadic gastrointestinal polyposes Ganglioneuromatosis Neuroendocrine hyperplasia and neoplasia Stomach …
Gastroesophageal Reflux
Fig. 10.1 Pathophysiologic mechanisms for GER. (Reproduced from Ref. [29], with permission from John Wiley and Sons) GER occurs during episodes of TLESR or inadequate adaptation of the sphincter tone…
Hirschsprung’s Disease and Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasias
(1) Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy Massimo Martinelli Email: staiano@unina.it KeywordsHirschsprung’s diseaseIntestinal neuronal dysplasiaRectal suction…
Enteral Nutrition
Fig. 46.1 Possible routes for EN EN is used to preserve nutritional status, support normal growth, and treat malnutrition when oral feeding is inadequate or not possible. EN is more…
Esophageal Achalasia
Chagas disease Tumors (e.g., leiomyoma, Hodgkin’s disease, gastric carcinoma; “pseudoachalasia”) Sarcoidosis Hereditary cerebellar ataxia Eosinophilic esophagitis Hirschsprung’s disease Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2b Miscellaneous (e.g., juvenile…
