Disorders of the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System John M. Carson, Matthew K. Abramowitz, Manish P. Ponda, and Thomas H. Hostetter The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) has been conserved through evolution and is present…
Acute Kidney Injury: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management Charles L. Edelstein Acute kidney injury (AKI) (defined as an increase in serum creatinine >0.5 mg/dL) occurs in 1% of hospital admissions (1),…
Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology in Pregnancy Line Malha, Arlene Chapman, and Phyllis August Normal pregnancy is characterized by alterations in renal and cardiovascular functions that accommodate the hemodynamic and metabolic…
Disorders of Potassium Metabolism Biff F. Palmer and Thomas D. DuBose Jr. Introduction Potassium plays a key role in maintaining cell function. All cells possess the ubiquitous Na+/K+ ATPase exchanger,…
Normal and Abnormal Magnesium Metabolism Laurence Chan Magnesium is the fourth most common cation in the human body, and it plays a critical role in many metabolic processes, including production…
Disorders of Potassium Metabolism Biff F. Palmer Thomas D. DuBose Jr. Introduction Potassium plays a key role in maintaining cell function. All cells possess the ubiquitous Na+/K+ ATPase exchanger, which…
Pathophysiology and Management of Respiratory and Mixed Acid-Base Disorders Seth B. Furgeson William D. Kaehny Respiratory acid-base disorders are caused by primary changes from normal excretion of carbon dioxide (CO2)…
Pathogenesis and Management of Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis Zeid J. Khitan Joseph I. Shapiro Acid-base disorders occur commonly in clinical medicine. Although the degree of acidosis or alkalosis that results…
Disorders of Water Homeostasis Tomas Berl Robert W. Schrier Historical and Evolutionary Aspects of Renal Concentrating and Diluting Processes In From Fish to Philosopher, Smith (1) suggested that the concentrating…
Renal Sodium Excretion, Edematous Disorders, and Diuretic Use Robert W. Schrier An understanding of body fluid volume regulation, as modulated by renal sodium and water excretion, is critical for the…
