Parenteral Nutrition
Parenteral nutrition (PN) is the intravenous administration of nutrients necessary for the maintenance of life. The nutrient components of PN include dextrose, amino acids, fat, electrolytes, multivitamins, and trace elements….
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are a rare group of neoplasms, especially in children and adolescents, with an estimated incidence of 0.18 cases per million in individuals younger than 19 years…
Pancreatic Development
Buds Form and Fuse The pancreas arises early in gestation from the posterior foregut endoderm. A dorsal and a ventral bud first form before migrating and eventually fusing to form…
Diseases of the Gallbladder
Gallbladder disease in children has evolved over the last 25 years. Improved diagnostic modalities, such as abdominal ultrasound, have led to “incidental” or “silent” gallstones being detected more often in…
Liver Failure
Pediatric liver disease is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Advances in diagnosis and treatment, including the successful development of transplantation, have dramatically improved the natural history and…
Liver Pathology
Functional Anatomy and Histology of the Liver The liver is composed of lobules of hepatocytes that are bracketed by vascular structures (with the central or hepatic veins) on one side…
Pediatric Cholestatic Liver Disease
Cholestasis is defined as a pathologic state of reduced bile formation or flow. Most cholestatic conditions can be classified as either obstructive or hepatocellular in origin and result in the…
Acute and Chronic Hepatitis
Hepatitis is defined as inflammatory liver injury regardless of cause. Discoveries in the field of molecular biology, microbiology, metabolism, and immunology have greatly expanded the viral “hepatitis alphabet” and our…
Biliary Atresia and Neonatal Disorders of the Bile Ducts
Children with primary disorders of the bile ducts present early in life with classic signs of prolonged conjugated jaundice, pale stools, and dark urine. They represent an important group within…
Stomas of the Small and Large Intestine
Stomas of the small and large intestine, whether temporary or permanent, are used in the management of a wide variety of benign and malignant conditions in pediatric patients. Creation of…
