Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Stones Phuong-Chi T. Pham Phuong-Truc T. Pham Monica Deshmuk Phuong-Thu T. Pham DISORDERS OF CALCIUM METABOLISM Calcium Background Calcium is mostly bound and associated with bones (˜99%…
Hypertension Phuong-Mai T. Pham Phuong-Anh T. Pham Son V. Pham Cynthia C. Nast Hai V. Pham DEFINITIONS/GENERAL CONCEPTS Epidemiology Worldwide trends in blood pressure (BP) from 1975 to 2015 based…
Chronic Kidney Disease Susie Q. Lew Scott D. Cohen Phuong-Mai T. Pham Phuong-Thu T. Pham Phuong-Chi T. Pham Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is classified based on (1) cause, (2) glomerular…
Acid-Base and Potassium Disorders Phuong-Chi T. Pham Phuong-Mai T. Pham Cynthia C. Nast Hai V. Pham Phuong-Truc T. Pham Phuong-Thu T. Pham ACID-BASE DISORDERS Role of Kidneys in Acid-Base Regulation…
Sodium/Water Phuong-Chi T. Pham Phuong-Truc T. Pham Phuong-Anh T. Pham Son V. Pham Phuong-Thu T. Pham HYPONATREMIA Background Definition Hyponatremia is clinically defined as a serum sodium concentration (S[Na+]) <136…
Classification Systolic BP (mmHg) Diastolic BP (mmHg) Normal <120 AND <80 Prehypertension 120–139 OR 80–89 Stage I HTN 140–159 OR 90–99 Stage II HTN ≥160 OR ≥100 BP classification was…
Fig. 17.1 Diffusion across a semipermeable membrane. The driving force for solute diffusion is the transmembrane concentration gradient. Small solutes with higher concentrations in the blood compartment, such as potassium,…
Condition Urinary ACR (mg/g) Terms Normoalbuminuria <30 Normally to mildly increased Microalbuminuria 30–300 Moderately increased Macroalbuminuria/overt proteinuria >300 Severely increased ACR albumin-to-creatinine ratio Proteinuria, first characterized by Kimmelstiel and Wilson…
Fig. 8.1 Clinical usage of magnetic resonance imaging. DCE dynamic contrast-enhanced; ASL arterial spin labeling; DWI diffusion-weighted imaging; DTI diffusion tensor imaging; BOLD blood oxygen level-dependent; MRE magnetic resonance elastography;…
