THYROID DISORDERS Introduction An appropriate supply of thyroid hormone is essential for normal metabolism, cardiovascular function, mental status, and muscle strength. Diagnosis of thyroid disease in patients on dialysis is…
EPIDEMIOLOGY For some time, diabetes mellitus (DM) has been known to be the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the world. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a well-known…
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This chapter is divided into two sections. The first discusses central nervous system disorders in patients with CKD and dialysis patients, and the second addresses the peripheral nervous system in…
PATHOGENESIS OF UREMIC BLEEDING The causes of uremic bleeding have been the subject of a major debate since the 1970s. Most landmark studies in the field were indeed conducted in…
HISTORY The concept of an outpatient hemodialysis center in the United States was not fully developed until the mid-1970s when legislation granted coverage for hemodialysis to most citizens regardless of…
ESOPHAGUS Upper gastrointestinal symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, heartburn, and epigastric pain are common in patients with chronic kidney disease. In addition to dialysis-related nausea and vomiting, potential esophageal causes of…
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS PERITONITIS—PATHOGENESIS Organisms that colonize the skin, S. aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), are the most frequent pathogens isolated in PD peritonitis, accounting for 50% or more of cases…
LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AND HEART FAILURE Pathogenesis of Left Ventricular Disorders Ventricular growth occurs in response to mechanical stresses, primarily volume or pressure overload (6). Volume overload results in addition…
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