Pathophysiology of Proteinuria

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Pathophysiology of Proteinuria
Mechanisms of Proteinuria One of the most common features of glomerular diseases is an abnormal excretion of plasma proteins in the urine. Complex changes in the structure and function of…
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Disorders of Potassium Balance

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of Potassium Balance
Potassium Disorders The diagnosis and management of potassium disorders are central skills in clinical nephrology, relevant to not only consultative nephrology but also dialysis and renal transplantation. An understanding of…
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Disorders of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Balance

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Balance
Disorders of Calcium Homeostasis The extracellular fluid (ECF) calcium concentration in the human body is tightly regulated by a complex process. Three organs—skeleton, kidney, and intestine—are involved in this process…
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Sex and Gender in Kidney Health and Disease

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Sex and Gender in Kidney Health and Disease
Key points • There is sexual dimorphism in the kidney, with differences in kidney physiology and disease linked to sex-specific autosomal gene expression, sex chromosome complement, and the biological actions…
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Risk Prediction in Chronic Kidney Disease

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Risk Prediction in Chronic Kidney Disease
Key Points • Because of a large variance in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, there is a need to develop methods for risk stratification within CKD to identify the subgroup…
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Anatomy of the Kidney

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Anatomy of the Kidney
The structure of the kidney including the ultrastructure of individual cell types, their axial distribution, and arrangement within the kidney is essential to normal renal function. In this chapter, we…
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The Renal Biopsy

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on The Renal Biopsy
Key points • Kidney biopsy plays an important role in the management of kidney disease. • Percutaneous kidney biopsy is generally safe if care is taken to select and prepare…
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Urine Concentration and Dilution

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Urine Concentration and Dilution
Key Points • Nephron segments and vasculature in the renal medulla are arranged in complex but specific anatomic relationships, both in terms of which segment leads to the next segment…
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