Disorders of Water Balance

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of Water Balance
KEY POINTS • Because body water is the primary determinant of the osmolality of the extracellular fluid, disorders of water metabolism can be broadly divided into hyperosmolar disorders, in which…
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Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
Acid-base homeostasis is critical for normal health. However, a variety of acute and chronic conditions commonly alter acid-base homeostasis and blood pH. This chapter reviews normal acid-base homeostasis and various…
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Vasoactive Molecules and the Kidney

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Vasoactive Molecules and the Kidney
Key Points • In addition to the classical endocrine renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which primarily functions through systemically circulating angiotensin II, a distinct local RAS operates within the kidney, acting in…
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Transport of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Transport of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate
Key Points • The renal tubular transport of minerals is under the tight regulation of key hormonal systems, including parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23). These…
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Disorders of Sodium Balance

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of Sodium Balance
Key Points • Sodium content of the extracellular compartment is a key determinant of circulatory integrity. • Cumulative surfeits and deficits of body sodium, respectively, increase (hypervolemia) and decrease (hypovolemia)…
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Renal Handling of Organic Solutes

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Renal Handling of Organic Solutes
Key Points • In a normoglycemic adult, the kidneys filter 160–180 g/day of glucose (∼30% of daily energy expenditure), which is reabsorbed by the sodium glucose cotransporter SGLT2 (∼97%) and…
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Renal Acidification Mechanisms

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Renal Acidification Mechanisms
Key Points • The reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate is critical for acid-base homeostasis because it prevents the loss of a substantial quantity of bicarbonate in the urine. However, it does…
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Transport of Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Transport of Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium
KEY POINTS • Claudin-10 may modulate the paracellular permeability of sodium along the thick ascending limb. Claudin-10 mutations cause salt-wasting with hypokalemic alkalosis in humans. • Through modulation of the…
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