Diseases of the Bladder in Children
Diseases of the Bladder in Children 9.1 Bladder Exstrophy Cause: Embryologic maldevelopment Epidem: There are 3.3 cases in 100,000 live births ( Tetralogy 1987; 36:221). Male:female ratio: 2.3:1 to 6:1…
Diseases of the Kidney and Ureter in Children
Diseases of the Kidney and Ureter in Children 8.1 Renal Agenesis Cause: Embryologic anomaly that appears related to developmental anomaly of ureteric bud (Development 1996;122:1919). Generally thought to result from…
Diseases of the Penis
Diseases of the Penis 7.1 Balanitis and Balanoposthitis Cause: Inflammation of glans penis (balanitis) and prepuce (balanoposthitis). May be bacterial (Pediatr Dermatol 1994;11:168), intertrigo, irritant dermatitis, maceration injury, or candidal…
Diseases of the Prostate
Diseases of the Prostate 6.1 Prostatitis Cause: Bacterial and nonbacterial etiologies Epidem: Prostatitis affects up to 50% of men at some point in their lives. Affects men of all ages…
Diseases of the Testes, Scrotum, and Intrascrotal Contents
Diseases of the Testes, Scrotum, and Intrascrotal Contents 5.1 Epididymitis/Epididymo-Orchitis Cause: Males < 35 yr; condition is usually caused by STDs (Chlamydia, gc, ureaplasma). In older men, gram-neg bacteria more…
Diseases of the Urethra
Diseases of the Urethra 4.1 Reiter’s Syndrome Bull Rheum Dis 1987;37:1; Ann Intern Med 1984;100:207; N Engl J Med 1983;309:1606 Cause: Autoimmune Epidem: Most common polyarthritis in men. Sometimes the…
Diseases of the Bladder
Diseases of the Bladder 3.1 Bacterial Cystitis See Table 3.1. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 259 3.2 Emphysematous Cystitis See Table 3.1. 3.3 Candidal Urinary Tract Infections See Table…
Diseases of the Adrenal
Diseases of the Adrenal 1.1 Cushing’s Syndrome Am J Fam Phys 2000;62:5; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:5593; N Engl J Med 1995;332:791 Cause: A condition resulting from long-term exposure to…
Salvage Therapy for Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-refractory high-grade non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer remains a challenging problem. Radical cystectomy is standard of care, but carries significant morbidity. Therefore, there is a need for effective treatments. Previous…
Role of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase Inhibitors in Salvage Therapy for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer
Due to significant risks of cancer recurrence and progression, and limited options after intravesical Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) therapy, there is a critical unmet need to identify novel treatments for…
