Normal and Abnormal Liver Development
Fig. 9.1 Liver development. (a) 30-day embryo. The caudal portion of the hepatic diverticulum (HD) forms the extrahepatic biliary tree (green), while the cranial portion penetrates the septum transversum and…
Gastritis and Gastropathies of Childhood
Fig. 3.1 Cardia in a normal child (alcian blue PAS at pH 2.5). Notice that the surface columnar cells have a mixed staining pattern of magenta and blue indicating presence…
Hepatocellular and Intrahepatic Cholestasis
Primary clinical features Gene(s) Protein(s) Disorder(s) Cholangiopathy CIRH1A CIRH1A, cirhin; cirrhosis, autosomal recessive 1A North American Indian childhood cirrhosis CLDN1 CLDN1; claudin 1 Neonatal sclerosing cholangitis with ichthyosis and alopecia…
Esophageal Disorders in Childhood
Gastroesophageal reflux Allergy Infections Ingestion of corrosive agents Prolonged retention of medication pills Trauma Repaired esophageal atresia Crohn’s disease Radiation Motility disorder 2.1.2 Histology As in other segments of the…
Minimally Invasive GERD Therapies
Fig. 7.1 Traditional laparoscopic anti-GERD therapies. GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease Fig. 7.2 Treatment gap in the management of GERD. PPI proton pump inhibitors. (Reprinted from Ref. [9]) Fig. 7.3 Outline…
Complications of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Fig. 2.1 Barium swallow peptic stricture Fig. 2.2 a, b EGD images. Peptic stricture (pre- and post-dilation) Multiple dilation sessions may be required in order to achieve durable symptom palliation…
Role of LES Augmentation for Early Progressive Disease in GERD and Fundoplication for End-Stage Disease in GERD
(1) Department of Surgery, Keck Medical Center of University of Southern California, 892 Huntington Garden Drive, San Marino, 91108 Los Angeles, CA, USA Stephanie G. Worrell Email: tom.demeester@med.usc.edu KeywordsGastroesophageal refluxLower…
Diagnostic Approaches to GERD
Fig. 3.1 Los Angeles (LA) classification of erosive esophagitis. Grade A: One (or more) mucosal break no longer than 5 mm that does not extend between the tops of two mucosal…
Role of H2RA and Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy in Treating Reflux Disease
Fig. 5.1 Model of a parietal cell showing stimulatory receptors on its basal–lateral plasma membrane and their second messengers. AC adenylate cyclase, Ach acetylcholine, Ca 2+ calcium ion, cAMP cyclic…
Novel Upcoming Therapies
(1) Esophageal and Swallowing Center, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Cleveland, OH, USA Carla Maradey-Romero Email: ronnie.fass@gmail.com KeywordsErosive esophagitisGastroesophageal refluxHeartburnProton pump inhibitors Histamine 2…
