At normal body temperature, the concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide is equal to 3% of its partial pressure. By substitution, and slight further rearrangement: This formula, an expression of the…
PRESENTATION AND DIAGNOSIS The clinical manifestations of PIGN are variable and depend on characteristics of both host and pathogen. Poststreptococcal disease (PSGN) classically presents as a child aged 5 to…
The clinical features associated with worse outcomes include persistent proteinuria (>1 g/day), elevated serum creatinine concentration at diagnosis, and poorly controlled hypertension. The pathologic features associated with worse outcomes include…
Mild to moderate mesangial hypercellularity is typically seen using light microscopy. A subset of cases feature endocapillary hypercellularity, which can be segmental or global, focal or diffuse, and with or…
Once IgA binds to the mesangium, it may stimulate mesangial cell proliferation and trigger mesangial cell release of proinflammatory mediators, such as interleukin 6 and TNF-α, as well as profibrogenic…
Plate 3-5 SECRETION AND REABSORPTION As filtered fluid passes through the nephron, solutes may undergo reabsorption from the tubular fluid to the interstitium and capillaries, as well as secretion in…
In secondary MN, treatment centers on removal of the underlying cause, after which there is often a complete remission of proteinuria within several months. PROGNOSIS Patients with idiopathic MN who…
Patients with MN are at increased risk of renal vein thrombosis, even among other patients with nephrotic syndrome. This complication affects up to one in five patients in some series….
If appropriate treatment is not provided, a significant portion of patients with primary FSGS will progress to ESRD. Only a small minority of patients experience complete spontaneous remission. Patients who…
Plate 3-4 GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (Continued) CALCULATION OF GFR In clinical practice, it is not possible to measure hydrostatic or oncotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries or in Bowman’s space….
