Fig. 57.1 Biliary development and the ductal plate malformation (modified from [1]). a At 14 weeks of gestation, hepatoblasts in contact with portal vein mesenchyme adopt a biliary epithelial fate….
Fig. 48.1 Air enema showing intussusception up to the rectum Spontaneous reduction is another possible outcome and reportedly occurs in almost 20 % of intussusceptions [4]. Etiology The pathogenesis of intussusception…
Parasite First-line medication(s) Alternative(s) Protozoa Giardia lamblia Metronidazole or tinidazole 1. Nitazoxanide, albendazole, mebendazole Entamoeba histolytica 1 Invasive disease 1. Metronidazole or tinidazole 1. Ornidazole and nitazoxanide 2. Asymptomatic carriers,…
Fig. 70.1 Pathogenesis of liver cell injury is multifactorial with several factors influencing liver cell death and regeneration. When the net result is liver cell loss beyond a critical mass…
Fig. 53.1 Liver haematopoiesis A caudal part of the liver bud becomes the gallbladder and its stalk, the cystic duct [7]. The intrahepatic bile ducts develop from the limiting plates…
Fig. 36.1 Pathophysiological mechanisms of congenital disorders of intestinal electrolytes transport. 1 Familial diarrhea syndrome is due to a mutation in intestinal guanylate cyclase receptor (GC-C) for the endogenous ligands…
Biliary excretion is the only mechanism for copper elimination under physiological conditions, and it increases with increasing size of the hepatic copper pool. Trafficking of copper in and through the…
Fig. 33.1 Early acute pancreatitis. Note edematous gland (black arrow) with a small amount of fluid (small arrow). No visible ducts or calcifications. (Images courtesy of Dr. David Gregg) Pathophysiology…
All anatomical areas Giardiasis Granulation tissue polyps Inflammatory bowel disease Lymphangiectasia Lymphoma Multiple adenomatous or hyperplastic polyps Metastatic tumours Familial and sporadic gastrointestinal polyposes Ganglioneuromatosis Neuroendocrine hyperplasia and neoplasia Stomach …
Fig. 10.1 Pathophysiologic mechanisms for GER. (Reproduced from Ref. [29], with permission from John Wiley and Sons) GER occurs during episodes of TLESR or inadequate adaptation of the sphincter tone…
