Labial Anomalies
(1) Al Agouza, Cairo, PO, Egypt 9.1 Anatomical and Embryological Background (Fig. 9.1) Fig. 9.1 Anatomy of the labia In girls, the unfused parts of the labioscrotal (genital) swellings…
Caudal Regression Syndrome and Sacral Agenesis
(1) Al Agouza, Cairo, PO, Egypt Nomenclature Caudal regression syndrome (CRS), sirenomelia, sacral agenesis syndrome, caudal dysplasia, and phocomelic diabetic embryopathy Historical Note The term “syndrome of caudal regression”…
Introduction
(1) Al Agouza, Cairo, PO, Egypt The most common congenital malformation anomalies are, according to their incidence, musculoskeletal, cutaneous, and urogenital. The most frequent genitourinary anomalies are renal, testicular,…
2D/3D Endovaginal and Endoanal Instrumentation and Techniques
Fig. 2.1 A Pro Focus UltraView scanner Table 2.1 UltraView specifications Imaging modes: B, M, color Doppler, power Doppler, pulsed wave Doppler, tissue harmonic, contrast imaging Features and options: vector…
Pelvic Floor Anatomy
Fig. 1.1 Room analogy © SHOBEIRI 2013 Fig. 1.2 Room analogy with three compartments separated © SHOBEIRI 2013 Fig. 1.3 Room analogy with anterior, middle, posterior compartments, and the lateral…
3D Endovaginal Ultrasound Imaging of the Levator Ani Muscles
Fig. 4.1 The relative position of levator ani subdivisions during ultrasound imaging. Levels 1–3 are identified below the figure. The A–J markings on top of the figure correspond to the…
Instrumentation and Techniques for Translabial and Transperineal Pelvic Floor Ultrasound
Fig. 3.1 This view demonstrates CORRECT positioning as the starting 2D field of view includes the pubic symphysis (S) anteriorly and the levator plate (LP) posteriorly. Also noted are the…
3D Endovaginal Imaging of the Anorectal Structures
Fig. 6.1 GE RAB4-8-RS 4–8 MHz probe used for 3D transperineal imaging of the pelvic floor. © Shobeiri Fig. 6.2 Normal pelvic floor anatomy as seen on 3D transperineal imaging….
Three-Dimensional Endoanal Ultrasonography of the Anorectal Region
Fig. 9.1 High-multifrequency (9-16MHz), 360° rotational mechanical probe (type 2050, BK Medical, Herlev, Denmark Fig. 9.2 Schematic illustration of the technique of three-dimensional endoanal ultrasonography performed by 2050 transducer (B-K…
Emerging Imaging Technologies and Techniques
Fig. 11.1 3D EVUS of the pelvic floor of a patient with bilateral levator ani separation from the pubic bone. BK 8838 probe is used for imaging. PS pubic symphysis,…
