Fig. 27.1 Management algorithm for nonmetastatic primary rectal cancer (ESD endoscopic submucosal dissection) The diagnostic accuracy of EUS in rectal cancer staging has recently been questioned and criticized as clinical…
Fig. 26.1 Endoscopic images of a gastric cancer. White light a and chromoendoscopy with indigo carmine b show a shallow depressed lesion in the anterior wall of the antrum What…
Fig. 12.1 Types of pancreatic and peripancreatic collections based on the revised Atlanta classification system of acute pancreatitis with representative contrast-enhanced CT images. Collections are differentiated by the presence or…
Iatrogenic Liver biopsy Transhepatic cholangiography Transhepatic ablative therapy Transhepatic biliary drainage Cholecystectomy Bile duct surgery Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) manipulation (stenting, sphincterotomy, biopsy, lithotripsy, stricture dilation, etc.) Trauma Penetrating injury…
Benign intrinsic Malignant intrinsic Iatrogenic injury (i.e., post-surgical) Cholangiocarcinoma Primary sclerosing cholangitis Biliary IPMN Autoimmune cholangiopathy (i.e., IgG4-associated) Biliary involvement of ampullary carcinoma Inflammatory Chloroma Ischemic cholangiopathy Myeloma Fibroinflammtory biliary…
Fig. 17.1 Standard scope length and distance from the mouth to the biliary orifice following surgical alteration of the gastrointestinal tract. BPD biliopancreatic diversion, RYGBP Roux-en-Y gastric bypass procedure Table…
Fig. 33.1 EUS image of celiac artery ( arrow) and SMA ( arrowhead) taking off from the aorta. (Courtesy Dr. Linda Lee, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA) EUS-Guided Direct…
Fig. 14.1 A flow diagram showing the initial investigations that should be performed for acute pancreatitis. * Smoking is an independent risk factor for AP; † A specific threshold for…
Fig. 34.1 6F cystostome (Endoflex Company) Dilators are required to enlarge the fistula tract following puncture. Bougie (6-7F) or balloon (4–6 mm) dilators such as the Soehendra biliary dilation catheter (Cook…
Fig. 15.1 Pancreatography obtained by ERCP showing a small ventral pancreas (a) and two images showing increasing filling of the dorsal duct via the minor papilla (b, c) Fig. 15.2…
