Approach to Suspected Variceal Bleeding
Fig. 4.1 Active variceal bleeding at the gastroesophageal junction Fig. 4.2 Acute variceal hemorrhage with “fibrin plug” identified on a varix (arrow) Fig. 4.3 Large esophageal varices with red color…
Hemostasis of Acute Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Manufacturer Device name Sheath diameter (French) Sheath length (cm) Needle gauge Needle length (mm) Boston Scientific (Natick, MA) Interject sclerotherapy needle 7 200, 240 23, 25 4, 6 ConMed Endoscopic…
Approach to Suspected Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Score Age Shock Comorbidities Diagnosis Evidence of recent bleeding 0 <60 No shock No major comorbidity Mallory-Weiss, no bleeding or lesion identified None or dark spot only 1 60–79 Pulse…
Endoscopic Management of Food Impaction and Foreign Bodies
Endoscopes Overtubes Accessories Flexible endoscope 45–60-cm-long overtubes Retrieval net Rigid endoscope Grasping forceps Laryngoscope Dormia basket Polypectomy snares Transparent vacuum cap Latex protector hood Kelly or McGill forceps Fig. 16.1…
Endoscopic Management of Pancreaticobiliary Emergencies
Pancreatic Gallstone pancreatitis Infected pancreatic pseudocyst Infected pancreatic necrosis Occluded pancreatic stent Biliary Acute cholangitis Acute cholecystitis Bile leak Hepatic abscess Pancreas In this section, we address acute gallstone pancreatitis,…
Hemostasis of Acute Esophageal Variceal Bleeding
Fig. 12.1 Approach to the management of acute esophageal variceal bleeding (EBL, endoscopic band ligation; TIPS, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt) Initial Assessment and Resuscitation In patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal…
Hemostasis of Acute Gastric Variceal Bleeding
Fig. 13.1 Large fundal varices in cluster of grapes formation The Sarin classification is commonly used to categorize gastric varices on the basis of their location in the stomach and…
Approach to Acute Cholangitis
Protective mechanism Risk factors compromising protective mechanism Mechanical Sphincter of Oddi Sphincterotomy, biliary stents Tight junction Increased intrabiliary pressures Bacteriostatic Bile flow Increased intrabiliary pressures Bile mucus Bile stasis Bile…
Endoscopic Management of Acute Colonic Obstruction and Pseudo-obstruction
Fig. 17.1 (a) Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction with significantly dilated colon throughout. (b) Colonoscope advancement as far as technically safe and feasible to the right colon. (c) Fluoroscopic placement of colonic…
Periprocedural Management of Antithrombotic Agents
Procedural bleeding risk Thromboembolism risk Low High Low Continue antithrombotic medications Continue antithrombotic medications High Temporarily discontinue antithrombotic medications without bridging therapy Continue antithrombotic medications or temporarily discontinue antithrombotic medication…
