Cause Mechanism Pseudohypocalcemia MRI with contrast agents (gadodiamide and gadoversetamide) interferes with colorimetric determination of Ca2+ Low serum albumin levels (for each gram decrease in serum albumin from 4.0 g/dL, serum…
Type pCO2 (mmHg) Expected secondary response (compensation) Expected serum [HCO3 −] pH (calculated from Henderson equation) Normal 40 – 24 7.40 Acute 70a For each mmHg increase in pCO2, HCO3…
Subjects Amount (mEq) of filtered HCO3 − Amount (mEq) reabsorbed in the proximal tubule Amount (mEq) delivered to distal segments Amount (mEq) of HCO3 − excreted Urine pH Normal 4,320…
Cause Mechanism Systemic diseases Acute kidney injury ↓ excretion Chronic kidney disease stages 4–5 ↓ excretion Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ↓ excretion Adrenal insufficiency ↑renal absorption Acromegaly ↓ excretion Mg 2+…
Cause Mechanism Addition of phosphate to ECF compartment Endogenous Hemolysis Release from hemolyzed red blood cells Rhabdomyolysis Release from muscle cells Tumor lysis syndrome Release from tumor cells due…
GI gastrointestinal tract, PTH parathyroid hormone Some Specific Causes of Hypercalcemia Primary Hyperparathyroidism Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is the most underlying and leading cause of hypercalcemia in the general population More…
Afferent mechanisms Efferent mechanisms High pressure (arterial) volume receptors Glomerular filtration rate Carotid sinus Peritubular capillary Starling forces Aortic arch Tubular luminal composition Intrathoracic low pressure (venous) receptors Medullary blood…
Cause Mechanism 1. Dietary Low K+ diet Combination of low dietary K+ and its obligatory loss in urine Eating disorders Low oral intake and total body K+ depletion High carbohydrate…
Crystalloids Colloids Dextrose in water (D5W) (2.5 %, 5 %, 10 %) Albumin (5 %, 25 %) Sodium chloride (NaCl) (0.225 %, 0.33 %, 0.45 %, 0.9 %, 3 %, 5 %, 7.5 %) Starches (Hetastarch 5 %, Pentastarch 10 %) Ringer’s lactate Dextrans…
Fig. 9.1 Mechanisms of renal Na+ and water retention and edema formation in nephrotic syndrome Experimental evidence also suggests that Na+ and water retention occur in the kidney due to…
