Chloride-responsive alkalosis Chloride-resistant alkalosis Gastrointestinal (GI)and renal-associated Hypertension-associated Vomiting Primary aldosteronism Nasogastric suction 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 deficiency Congenital chloride diarrhea Licorice, chewing tobacco, carbenoxolone Villous adenoma Fludrocortisone administration Posthypercapnia…
where Nae + and Ke + are total exchangeable quantities of these cations, and TBW is total body water. Therefore, hypernatremia can develop by a deficit in total body water…
Acid–base disorder Clinical setting pH pCO2 a Na+ K+ Cl− HCO3 −a AG Double acid–base disorders Metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis Renal failure (CKD 4 and 5), diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic…
Fig. 14.1 Handling of K+ by various segments of the nephron; 60–80 % of K+ is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) and about 25 % by the medullary thick ascending limb…
Electrolyte Use Na+ To assess volume status Differential diagnosis of hyponatremia Differential diagnosis of AKI To assess salt intake in patients with hypertension To evaluate calcium and uric acid excretion…
From the above reaction, excess lactate production can be expected by the following pathophysiologic processes: 1. Increased pyruvate production caused by intravenous (i.v.) glucose or epinephrine infusion, and metabolic or…
Cause Mechanism 1. Exogenous intake Oral Excess oral intake High K+—containing foods (fruits, salt substitutes, KCl supplements, river bed clay, burnt match heads, raw coconut juice) Herbal medications (horsetail, noni…
Intestinal Diarrhea Biliary fistula Pancreatic fistula Villous adenoma Gastrointestinal (GI)–ureteral connections Ureterosigmoidostomy Ureterojejunostomy Ureteroileostomy Drugs Laxatives Cholestyramine Before we discuss the pathophysiology of diarrhea, it is essential to understand water…
Extrarenal loss Renal loss Gastrointestinal losses Na + loss by the normal kidney Vomiting Diuretics Diarrhea Adrenal insufficiency Nasogastric suction Decreased renin production Fistulas Na + loss by the abnormal…
Fig. 3.1 Cellular model for Na+ entry into the first half (early part) of the proximal tubule. Note that many of these mechanisms are also present in the second half…
