Nuclear Receptor Regulation
Fig. 4.1 Nuclear receptors regulate bile acid metabolism. Nuclear receptors that regulate expression of genes involved in bile acid metabolism are shown. FXR, PXR, and VDR respond to bile acids….
Bile Acids and Cholestatic Liver Disease 1: Primary Biliary Cholangitis (PBC)
1. Elevated cholestatic liver enzymes (e.g., alkaline phosphatase) 2. Detectable antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) in sera 3. The presence of chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis The diagnosis of PBC is made if…
Intestinal Digestion and Absorption
Fig. 3.1 Enzymatic hydrolysis and micellar solubilization of dietary lipids. BA conjugated bile acid, C cholesterol, CE cholesterol ester, DG diacylglycerol, FFA free fatty acid, LPC lysophosphatidylcholine, MG monoacylglycerol, PC…
Hepatobiliary Transport of Bile Acids
Fig. 2.1 Bile acid transporters. In hepatocytes, bile acids are absorbed from the sinusoid by NTCP, and in part by OATPs, and are secreted into the bile canaliculus by BSEP….
Pelvic Floor Anatomy and Neurovasculature Related to Urogenital Pain
Fig. 1.1 (a, b) Nociceptive versus inflammatory pain signal stimuli and conduction pathways. (c, d) Dysfunctional versus neuropathic pain signal stimuli and conduction pathways Nociceptive Versus Neuropathic Pain Pain is…
Piriformis Syndrome and Pudendal Neuralgia
Fig. 5.1 Piriformis muscle in relation to surrounding muscles and sciatic nerve (Source: Atlas of Common Pain Syndromes, Chapter 84, 266–268 [1]) Diagnosis When it comes to diagnosing piriformis syndrome,…
Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pelvic Pain
Fig. 11.1 Illustration of the gate control theory of pain Procedure When a patient is deemed a potential candidate for an SCS device, the first step is to schedule a…
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Fig. 14.1 Ten most common CAM therapies among US adults who reported CAM use within 1 year of being surveyed in the 2002 National Health Interview Survey on CAM from:…
Cancer Pain in the Urogenital Region
Fig. 10.1 Visual analog scale Fig. 10.2 Wong-baker scale Fig. 10.3 PAINAD scale Fig. 10.4 Memory pain assessment card In keeping with the concept of “total pain,” one must explore…
Scrotal Pain
, Craig S. Niederberger1, Christina Ho2, Michael Sabia3 and Allen D. Seftel2 (1) Department of Urology, University of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA (2) Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cooper University Hospital,…
