Retroperitoneoscopic Ureterolithotomy
Fig. 22.1 Ports position for left reteroperitoneoscopic ureterolithotomy Fig. 22.2 Dissection medial to psoas shows ureter Fig. 22.3 Ureter dissected and bulge due to stone seen Fig. 22.4 Ureterotomy being…
Robotic-Assisted Vesico-Vaginal Fistula Repair
Fig. 30.1 Supra-trigonal vesico-vaginal fistula showing well epethelized fistulous tract Fig 30.2 Cytoscopic placement of ureteric catheter through fistulous tract for easy identification Fig. 30.3 Port position for robotic-assisted vesico-vaginal…
Robotic Training and Validation
Picture 65.1 Mimic dV-Trainer Picture 65.2 Simbionix RobotiX Mentor 65.4 Wet Lab Simulation Whilst live animal, cadaveric and animal tissue models have all been used in robotic surgical training, validation…
Surgical Robotics: Past, Present and Future
Fig. 1.1 Humanoid automaton, designed by Leonardo da Vinci, it is believed to be able to perform several human-like motions In the eighteenth century, miniature automatons became popular as toys…
Endoscopic Evaluation and Management of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Fig. 14.1 (a) MRC images suspicious for a dominant stenosis in the mid bile duct (arrow). (b) Follow-up ERCP showed no evidence of stenosis in the bile duct (arrow) The…
Noninvasive Imaging of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Radiologic Perspective
Fig. 13.1 US of a 24-year-old female with PSC. (a) US shows anechoic bile in mildly dilated extrahepatic bile duct, mucosal irregularity, and diffuse bile duct wall thickening (arrow). (b)…
Cholangiocyte Biology
Normal Activated Senescent/SASP Malignant Markers Phenotypic characteristic Markers Phenotypic characteristic Markers Phenotypic characteristic Markers Phenotypic characteristic AE2 Transports intracellular Cl−/HCO3 − αvβ6 integrin Induces proliferation and migration SA-β-Gal Large, flat…
Genetics of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Chromosome Plausible risk gene Study 1 MMEL1, TNFRSF14 Folseraas et al. (2012) [56] 2 BCL2L11 Melum et al. (2011) [59] 2 CD28, CTLA4 Liu et al. (2013) [27] 2 CCL20…
IgG4-Related Sclerosing Cholangitis
Study Country Cohort N. of patients IgG4-SC N (%) AIP N (%) Kanno et al. [43] Japan AIP 91 8 311 (33.8) 918 (100) Ghazale et al. [26] USA IgG4-SC…
Immunology of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Features Classical AID PSC Autoantigen(s) Yes Possibly Autoantibody Yes, pathogenetic Yes, biomarker Age Children and adults Children and adults Gender predilection Female > male Male > female Genetic factors HLA,…
