Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis A and E
Fig. 9.1 Annual number of cases of hepatitis A in the USA according to the CDC Worldwide, approximately 1.5 million clinical cases of hepatitis A occur annually but the rate…
Metabolic and Genetic Liver Diseases: Hemochromatosis
Fig. 20.1 Clinical algorithm for the evaluation of possible HFE-related hereditary hemochromatosis The recommended cutoff for TS is 45 %—higher values are considered abnormal and warrant further evaluation. Note that…
Autoimmune Liver Diseases: Primary Biliary Cholangitis
Fig. 16.1 Asymptomatic primary biliary cirrhosis: a study of its natural history and prognosis. Spring J, Cauch-Dudek K, O’Rourke K, et al. Am J Gastro. 1999; 94(1): 47–53 Fig. 16.2…
Endoscopic Management of Portal Hypertension
Management No varices Repeat endoscopy in 3 years (sooner if decompensation occurs) Small varices In a CTP B/C patient or varices with red signs Nonselective β-blockers (propranolol or nadolol)…
Drug-Induced Liver Injury
Phenotype Histological features Example agents Acute fatty liver with lactic acidosis Microvesicular hepatic steatosis ± other tissue involvement Didanosine, Fialuridine, Valproate Acute hepatic necrosis Collapse and necrosis of liver parenchyma…
Metabolic and Genetic Liver Diseases: Alpha-1 Anti-trypsin Deficiency
Phenotype Alpha-1 antirtypsin serum level (% of normal) [36] Risk of emphysema Risk of liver disease Pi*ZZ 12–15 % High High Pi*MZ 69–85 % Minimally increased Slightly increased Pi*SZ 33–39…
Alcoholic Liver Disease
Fig. 13.1 Mechanisms for ALD: “2nd Hit” Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Oxidative stress is an imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants (Reviewed-[5]). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species…
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Insulin resistance Alcohol Medications (corticosteroids, amiodarone, tamoxifen, methotrexate, anti-retrovirals, valproic acid) Starvation Total parenteral nutrition Wilson Disease Hepatitis C virus infection (genotype 3) Lipodystrophy Organic solvents Abetalipoproteinemia Acute fatty liver…
Autoimmune Liver Diseases: Overlap Syndromes
Overlap syndrome Diagnostic features AIH > PBC Typical AIH with prominent interface hepatitis [16, 37, 60, 61] Serum AP level <2-fold ULN [16, 94] Serum IgG level above ULN [61]…
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017Kia Saeian and Reza Shaker (eds.)Liver Disordershttps://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30103-7_33 33. Hepatopulmonary Syndrome Rahul Sudhir Nanchal1 and Tessa Damm2 (1) Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA (2) Department of…
