Disorders of Potassium Balance

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of Potassium Balance
Potassium Disorders The diagnosis and management of potassium disorders are central skills in clinical nephrology, relevant to not only consultative nephrology but also dialysis and renal transplantation. An understanding of…
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Disorders of Water Balance

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of Water Balance
KEY POINTS • Because body water is the primary determinant of the osmolality of the extracellular fluid, disorders of water metabolism can be broadly divided into hyperosmolar disorders, in which…
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Epidemiology of Kidney Disease

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Epidemiology of Kidney Disease
Key Points • The definition of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has remained stable since 2002, with staging now including cause, glomerular filtration rate, and albuminuria categories. • The prevalence of…
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Risk Prediction in Chronic Kidney Disease

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Risk Prediction in Chronic Kidney Disease
Key Points • Because of a large variance in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, there is a need to develop methods for risk stratification within CKD to identify the subgroup…
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Disorders of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Balance

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Balance
Disorders of Calcium Homeostasis The extracellular fluid (ECF) calcium concentration in the human body is tightly regulated by a complex process. Three organs—skeleton, kidney, and intestine—are involved in this process…
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Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
Acid-base homeostasis is critical for normal health. However, a variety of acute and chronic conditions commonly alter acid-base homeostasis and blood pH. This chapter reviews normal acid-base homeostasis and various…
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Vasoactive Molecules and the Kidney

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Vasoactive Molecules and the Kidney
Key Points • In addition to the classical endocrine renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which primarily functions through systemically circulating angiotensin II, a distinct local RAS operates within the kidney, acting in…
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Transport of Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Transport of Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium
KEY POINTS • Claudin-10 may modulate the paracellular permeability of sodium along the thick ascending limb. Claudin-10 mutations cause salt-wasting with hypokalemic alkalosis in humans. • Through modulation of the…
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