Disorders of Sodium Balance

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of Sodium Balance
Key Points • Sodium content of the extracellular compartment is a key determinant of circulatory integrity. • Cumulative surfeits and deficits of body sodium, respectively, increase (hypervolemia) and decrease (hypovolemia)…
read more

Urine Concentration and Dilution

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Urine Concentration and Dilution
Key Points • Nephron segments and vasculature in the renal medulla are arranged in complex but specific anatomic relationships, both in terms of which segment leads to the next segment…
read more

Kidney Metabolism

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Kidney Metabolism
Key Points • The kidney has one of the highest specific metabolic rates among all organs. At the level of the whole organ, the major sources of energy for the…
read more

Transport of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Transport of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate
Key Points • The renal tubular transport of minerals is under the tight regulation of key hormonal systems, including parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23). These…
read more

Renal Handling of Organic Solutes

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Renal Handling of Organic Solutes
Key Points • In a normoglycemic adult, the kidneys filter 160–180 g/day of glucose (∼30% of daily energy expenditure), which is reabsorbed by the sodium glucose cotransporter SGLT2 (∼97%) and…
read more

Renal Acidification Mechanisms

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Renal Acidification Mechanisms
Key Points • The reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate is critical for acid-base homeostasis because it prevents the loss of a substantial quantity of bicarbonate in the urine. However, it does…
read more

Embryology of the Kidney

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Embryology of the Kidney
Key points • The development of the kidney depends on the triadic interactions among three types of progenitors: the nephron progenitor, the ureteric bud, and the stromal progenitor. • The…
read more

Glomerular Cell Biology and Podocytopathies

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Glomerular Cell Biology and Podocytopathies
Key Points • The glomerulus represents a functional and integrated syncytium of four types of glomerular cells, which together ascertain glomerular filtration. • Together, podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells allow…
read more
Get Clinical Tree app for offline access