Renal Acidification Mechanisms

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Renal Acidification Mechanisms
Key Points • The reabsorption of filtered bicarbonate is critical for acid-base homeostasis because it prevents the loss of a substantial quantity of bicarbonate in the urine. However, it does…
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Transport of Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Transport of Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium
KEY POINTS • Claudin-10 may modulate the paracellular permeability of sodium along the thick ascending limb. Claudin-10 mutations cause salt-wasting with hypokalemic alkalosis in humans. • Through modulation of the…
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Embryology of the Kidney

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Embryology of the Kidney
Key points • The development of the kidney depends on the triadic interactions among three types of progenitors: the nephron progenitor, the ureteric bud, and the stromal progenitor. • The…
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Glomerular Cell Biology and Podocytopathies

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Glomerular Cell Biology and Podocytopathies
Key Points • The glomerulus represents a functional and integrated syncytium of four types of glomerular cells, which together ascertain glomerular filtration. • Together, podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells allow…
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Kidney Metabolism

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Kidney Metabolism
Key Points • The kidney has one of the highest specific metabolic rates among all organs. At the level of the whole organ, the major sources of energy for the…
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Prevention and Management of Acute Kidney Injury

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Prevention and Management of Acute Kidney Injury
Key Points • Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a pleomorphic syndrome defined by rapid loss of kidney function that has multiple etiologies and clinical manifestations. • Clinically, acute kidney injury…
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Childhood Kidney Disease

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Childhood Kidney Disease
Key Points • Pediatric kidney disease is intrinsically different from adult kidney disease, with unique genetic, developmental, and congenital bases not commonly seen in adults requiring age-specific diagnostics and therapeutic…
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Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
Pathophysiology of Clinical Acute Kidney Injury The three major pathophysiologic categories—namely, prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal (obstructive)—provide a framework for understanding the mechanisms of acute kidney injury (AKI). Prerenal Acute Kidney…
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Prevention and Management of Acute Kidney Injury

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Prevention and Management of Acute Kidney Injury
Key Points • Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a pleomorphic syndrome defined by rapid loss of kidney function that has multiple etiologies and clinical manifestations. • Clinically, acute kidney injury…
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