Epidemiology of Kidney Disease

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Epidemiology of Kidney Disease
Key Points • The definition of chronic kidney disease (CKD) has remained stable since 2002, with staging now including cause, glomerular filtration rate, and albuminuria categories. • The prevalence of…
read more

Urinary Tract Infection in Adults

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Urinary Tract Infection in Adults
Key Points • Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common problem for all ages, affecting primarily healthy females and individuals with underlying genitourinary abnormalities. With advancing age, healthy males become…
read more

Pathophysiology of Proteinuria

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Pathophysiology of Proteinuria
Mechanisms of Proteinuria One of the most common features of glomerular diseases is an abnormal excretion of plasma proteins in the urine. Complex changes in the structure and function of…
read more

Disorders of Potassium Balance

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of Potassium Balance
Potassium Disorders The diagnosis and management of potassium disorders are central skills in clinical nephrology, relevant to not only consultative nephrology but also dialysis and renal transplantation. An understanding of…
read more

Disorders of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Balance

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Disorders of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Balance
Disorders of Calcium Homeostasis The extracellular fluid (ECF) calcium concentration in the human body is tightly regulated by a complex process. Three organs—skeleton, kidney, and intestine—are involved in this process…
read more

Sex and Gender in Kidney Health and Disease

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Sex and Gender in Kidney Health and Disease
Key points • There is sexual dimorphism in the kidney, with differences in kidney physiology and disease linked to sex-specific autosomal gene expression, sex chromosome complement, and the biological actions…
read more

Risk Prediction in Chronic Kidney Disease

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Risk Prediction in Chronic Kidney Disease
Key Points • Because of a large variance in chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, there is a need to develop methods for risk stratification within CKD to identify the subgroup…
read more

Anatomy of the Kidney

May 7, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Anatomy of the Kidney
The structure of the kidney including the ultrastructure of individual cell types, their axial distribution, and arrangement within the kidney is essential to normal renal function. In this chapter, we…
read more
Get Clinical Tree app for offline access