Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis and Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis and Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease
Key Points • Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody glomerulonephritis is present in 70% of AAV patients, while kidney involvement in antiglomerular basement membrane disease is almost 100%. • Antiglomerular basement membrane disease…
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Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis
Key Points The umbrella term “infection-related glomerulonephritis (IRGN)” includes glomerular diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. While bacteria are commonly associated with IRGNs in industrialized countries, chronic parasitic…
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Urinary Tract Obstructio n

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Urinary Tract Obstructio n
Key points • Hydronephrosis and obstructive uropathy are not interchangeable terms—dilatation of the renal pelvis and calices can occur without obstruction, and urinary tract obstruction may occur in the absence…
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IgA Nephropathy and IgA Vasculitis

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on IgA Nephropathy and IgA Vasculitis
Key Points • IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerular disease worldwide. • IgA nephropathy carries a high life-time risk of kidney failure. • Production of poorly O-glycosylated polymeric…
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Genetics of Kidney Disease

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Genetics of Kidney Disease
Key Points • A precise genetic diagnosis in a patient with Mendelian disease can provide diagnostic and prognostic information for the patient and allow predictive testing to be offered to…
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Complement-Mediated Kidney Diseases

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Complement-Mediated Kidney Diseases
Key Points • In several diseases the tight homeostasis of the complement system is disrupted and results in overactivation of the complement system by genetic alterations, autoantibodies, or immune-complex formation….
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Kidney Cancer

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Kidney Cancer
Key Points • Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is diagnosed in approximately 81,000 patients per year in the United States. • Many more patients will be incidentally found to have a…
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Nephrotic Syndrome: Primary and Secondary

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Nephrotic Syndrome: Primary and Secondary
Key Points • Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical condition arising from podocyte injury, typically associated with glomerular diseases collectively termed podocytopathies. These disorders are characterized ultrastructurally by diffuse effacement of…
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Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
Pathophysiology of Clinical Acute Kidney Injury The three major pathophysiologic categories—namely, prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal (obstructive)—provide a framework for understanding the mechanisms of acute kidney injury (AKI). Prerenal Acute Kidney…
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Tubulointerstitial Diseases

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Tubulointerstitial Diseases
Key points • Tubulointerstitial diseases are a relatively common cause of acute kidney injury (10%–20% of cases) and are likely to be a significant unrecognized cause of chronic kidney disease…
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