Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is heterogeneous, but current diagnostic and treatment strategies rely primarily on clinical parameters, lacking individualization to tumor and host genetics and biology. The heterogeneity of NMIBCs…
Despite the 40-year reign of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) as the most effective immunotherapy in urologic cancers, a lack of clinical tools to predict treatment response has hampered progress in the…
Disease progression and recurrence are common among patients on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) therapy, and options for bladder-preserving subsequent therapy remain limited. Ongoing efforts to develop better second-line bladder-sparing therapies rely…
The best predictors of response to intravesical immunotherapy are tumor grade and stage, tumor recurrence pattern, nomograms, panels of urinary cytokines, and fluorescent in situ hybridization patterns of urine cytology…
High-risk non–muscle invasive bladder cancer is marked by frequent disease recurrences and risk of stage progression, contributing to high surveillance, treatment-related costs, and patient anxiety. Although the mainstay of high-risk…
Fig. 5.1 Representative HRAM pressure topography plots of squeeze during standard (a) vs enhanced (b) instruction and verbal feedback, demonstrating increased pressure and prolongation of squeeze duration (black arrow) (reproduced…
1. Continue medications 2. Fasting is not necessary 3. Cleaning enema at least 30 min before the test 7.1.2 Patient Preparation Patients may continue with their routine medications but the…
Function Investigation Clinical use (utility) Anus Motor Anorectal manometry (conventional) ++++ Anorectal manometry (high resolution) ++++ Anorectal manometry (3D) +++ Electromyography +++ Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency + Structure Endoanal…
HRAM and HDAM Non-HRM Number of sensors Closely spaced more sensors Fewer sensors at wider intervals Display Color contour and line plot Line plot Techniques Stationary examination Pull-through examination…
