Diseases of the Bladder
Diseases of the Bladder 3.1 Bacterial Cystitis See Table 3.1. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 259 3.2 Emphysematous Cystitis See Table 3.1. 3.3 Candidal Urinary Tract Infections See Table…
Diseases of the Adrenal
Diseases of the Adrenal 1.1 Cushing’s Syndrome Am J Fam Phys 2000;62:5; J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:5593; N Engl J Med 1995;332:791 Cause: A condition resulting from long-term exposure to…
Salvage Therapy for Non–muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-refractory high-grade non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer remains a challenging problem. Radical cystectomy is standard of care, but carries significant morbidity. Therefore, there is a need for effective treatments. Previous…
Role of Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase Inhibitors in Salvage Therapy for Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer
Due to significant risks of cancer recurrence and progression, and limited options after intravesical Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) therapy, there is a critical unmet need to identify novel treatments for…
Immuno-Oncology Approaches to Salvage Treatment for Non-muscle invasive Bladder Cancer
This article provides a comprehensive review of the available data for immunotherapy being used as a salvage treatment in non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The literature demonstrates that the immune system has…
Intravesical Gene Therapy
Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer is a challenging disease to treat, with few effective salvage intravesical options available for patients who develop bacillus Calmette-Guerin–unresponsive disease. Although radical cystectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy remains…
Combination Intravesical Therapy
After Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) failure, there is likely a 6- to 24-month window whereby salvage intravesical therapy might allow for preservation of the bladder without disease worsening. Combination intravesical, salvage…
Apaziquone for Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer
Apaziquone is an interesting drug for intravesical use in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer; however, more research is needed to prove its actual benefit. Although the apaziquone trials demonstrate…
Heated Intravesical Chemotherapy
Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer can be a challenging disease to manage. In recent years, hyperthermia therapy in conjunction with intravesical therapy has been gaining traction as a treatment option for bladder…
Salvage Therapy Using Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Derivatives or Single Agent Chemotherapy
Despite therapy with intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, roughly 50% of patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer will recur. Although cystectomy is the oncologic gold standard in BCG unresponsive disease, salvage intravesical…
