Once the entire mucosal surface has been examined and all tumors and abnormal-appearing areas have been identified, the cystoscope is removed in exchange for a resectoscope (using the 30-degree lens)….
Following inspection of the mucosal surface, various procedures may be performed by inserting instruments into the working channel. After these procedures are completed, the cystoscope is removed, and the bladder…
FOLLOW-UP Patients undergoing TURBT generally do not require hospitalization and can be discharged after a short period of postoperative recovery. In the event of a more extensive resection that requires…
Flexible Cystoscopes. Flexible cystoscopes have small, soft, flexible shafts; a working channel; and an irrigation port. The optics consist of either fiberoptic bundles or, more recently, a distal sensor (either…
Postoperatively, the patient should receive double the maintenance intravenous fluid rate for the first 12 to 24 hours, which will irrigate the bladder and ureteral anastomosis. The Foley catheter should…
An ileal ureter, which introduces the bowel into the urinary tract, is used for wide ureteral defects or other surgically complex cases that require more drastic reconstruction efforts. Patients with…
Because of these positive outcomes, kidney transplantation is becoming widely practiced around the world. Improvements in organ access, donation, preservation techniques, immunosuppression, and management of disease progression will further improve…
TECHNIQUE Before undergoing ureteroscopy, the patient should have a documented negative urinalysis and urine culture, so as to reduce the risk of urosepsis. The majority of ureteroscopic procedures are performed…
COMPLICATIONS When performed properly, ureteroscopy is associated with few complications. The most common complications include stent colic (discomfort from the ureteral stent), transient hematuria, and urinary tract infection. The most…
Pyelonephritis may occur secondary to immunosuppression and frequent catheterization. Like acute rejection, it may present as fever and allograft pain. Urine dipstick and culture should be performed to assess for…
