6.1 Generalities Ureteral calculi were first mentioned by Ambroise Pare in 1564. He also described impaction of stones in both ureters as a cause of death ( ). Although ureteral…
9.1 History The advances achieved in the ureteroscopic techniques, the design of the ureteroscopes, and working instruments have made the endoscopic management of ureteral strictures a reasonable alternative to open…
8.1 Generalities The continuous development of endourological techniques has led to their use as an alternative for upper urinary tract tumoral lesions. Thus, the progress regarding the equipment and the…
4.1 Generalities In selected cases in which clinical, laboratory, and/or imagistic data are equivocal, establishing a correct diagnosis may require the endoscopic exploration of the upper urinary tract. Due to…
10.1 Generalities Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) stenosis is defined as the deficiency in urine transportation from the pyelocaliceal system toward the proximal ureter. Its presence leads to the dilation of the…
3.1 Generalities The instruments used for the ureteroscopic approach of upper urinary tract conditions are in a continuous evolution. The first ureteroscopes were too large in diameter, their use being…
13.1 Generalities Ureteroscopy in children, in pregnancy, and in patients with reno-ureteral malformations present certain particular aspects regarding the diagnostic algorithm, operative technique, and postoperative follow-up. The difficulties regarding retrograde…
7.1 Generalities Caliceal (or pyelocaliceal) diverticula are intrarenal cavities ( Fig. 7.1 ) lined by urothelium ( Fig. 7.2 ), without secretion, that are passively filled with urine from the intrarenal tracts….
11.1 Generalities Infundibular stenosis is a rare pathological entity that can be congenital or acquired ( ; ). The condition is the result of the obstruction of the caliceal infundibulum…
12.1 Generalities Iatrogenic ureteral lesions can occur as a complication of abdominal surgical procedures, but in most cases they are due to pelvic or retroperitoneal interventions. The incidence of iatrogenic…
