Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure
Organ/system 0 1 2 3 4 Liver (bilirubin, mg/dL) < 1.2 ≥ 1.2 to ≤ 1.9 ≥ 2 to ≤ 5.9 ≥ 6 to < 12 ≥ 12 Kidney (creatinine,…
Bacterial Infections in Patients with Cirrhosis
Fig. 24.1 Factors responsible for the susceptibility of cirrhotic patients to bacterial infections. NOD2 nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2, IgA immunoglobulin A, IBO intestinal bacterial overgrowth, HLA-DR human leukocyte antigen,…
Acute Variceal Bleeding
Control and patient monitoring Monitor blood pressure, heart rate and O2 saturation Control of diuresis Central or good peripheral vascular accesses Volume replacement Conservative transfusion policy to: Restore and maintain…
Reversal of Cirrhosis
Fig. 8.1 Fibrosis reversibility at different states of chronic liver disease. The capacity of the liver to reverse from fibrosis or cirrhosis to a nearly normal architecture depends on the…
Coagulation Disorders in Patients with Cirrhosis
Fig. 21.1 The balance and rebalance of hemostasis in cirrhosis. Patients without liver disease maintain a balance of procoagulant and anticoagulant proteins. Patients with cirrhosis have decreased levels of both…
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Fig. 16.1 Time course of various forms of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) depending on clinical detectability. Episodic HE in the blue lines is undetectable clinically between episodes while covert HE (black…
Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Management Strategies
Organ or tissue Clinical syndrome or problem Role of cardiac dysfunction or problem Comments Reference (first author, year) Heart, endocardium Infective endocarditis Increased prevalence 0.34 vs. 0.1 % of noncirrhotics…
Esophageal Varices: Primary and Secondary Prophylaxis
Fig. 9.1 a Small esophageal varices (arrows). b Large esophageal varices Screening Screening EGD should be performed at different intervals according cirrhosis status (compensated vs. decompensated) and on previous size…
Diagnosis of Cirrhosis: Imaging
Fig. 6.1 Computerized tomography of the abdomen. This is an example of a cirrhotic appearing liver with ascites and splenomegaly by computed tomography Morphological changes of cirrhosis are dependent on…
Pathogenesis and Evolution of Liver Fibrosis: Cirrhosis or Cirrhoses?
Fig. 1.1 Different patterns of etiology-driven fibrosis. a Postnecrotic fibrosis . Low magnification picture of a section of liver from a patient with chronic HBV infection (chromotrope aniline blue stain)….
