Epidemiology Print Section Listen A normal human thyroid gland contains 20 to 30 million spherical follicles lined with follicular epithelial cells filled with colloid and stores a 3 months’ supply…
Hyperthyroidism: Introduction Print Section Listen The term hyperthyroidism refers to an overproduction of hormone by the thyroid gland. The resulting physiologic syndrome of excess thyroid hormone is termed thyrotoxicosis, although…
Embryology Print Section Listen To treat thyroid disease, it is essential to have a thorough knowledge of its embryology. The thyroid is derived from the primitive pharynx as well as…
Indications Print Section Listen Iatrogenic biliary injuries associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (most common), or other foregut operations. Operative approach depends on the time the injury is diagnosed (eg, immediately, early…
Indications Print Section Listen Open Common Bile Duct Exploration Clearance of biliary obstruction due to calculus disease if endoscopic techniques (eg, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) are unavailable, have failed, or are…
Indications Print Section Listen Malignant lesions involving the head of pancreas, ampulla of Vater, distal end of the common bile duct, or duodenum. Absence of metastasis. Absence of arterial involvement….
Indications Print Section Listen Metastasis (colon, breast, neuroendocrine). Hepatocellular carcinoma. Cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatoblastoma. Gallbladder carcinoma. Hepatic sarcoma. Adenoma. Biliary cystadenoma. Symptomatic hemangioma or focal nodular hyperplasia. Hepatic tumor of unknown etiology….
Indications Print Section Listen Gastrostomy Long-term (> 4–6 weeks) gastric feeding required under the following circumstances: Patient is unable to swallow. Oral feeding is precluded. Oral intake alone is inadequate….
Indications Print Section Listen Body mass index (BMI) > 40. BMI between 35 and 40 and presence of such comorbid conditions as severe obstructive sleep apnea, pickwickian syndrome, obesity-related cardiomyopathy,…
