Surgical anatomy of the spermatic cord Running inside the inguinal canal towards the testicle, the spermatic cord contains the following structures: vas deferens, testicular artery, testicular veins, cremasteric artery, deferential…

Introduction The concept of robots mechanically assisting humans with tasks has been a longstanding aspiration in society. Although this desire has been one of great interest in many diverse fields,…

In the era of minimally invasive surgery, there is a growing amount of evidence and support for the role of laparoscopy in the management of cryptorchidism. There has been a…

Introduction Pediatric patients with neurogenic bladders frequently require procedures to increase their bladder capacity and provide channels for long-term catheterization. Augmentation enterocystoplasty in combination with a Mitrofanoff appendicovesicostomy or a…

The presence and extent of metastatic disease to the lymph nodes are the most important prognostic indicators of survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and have…

Radical cystectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy and urinary diversion is the standard of care for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer and for those with high-grade, nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer refractory to intravesical…

Introduction The minimally invasive approach to urinary diversion has increased in popularity over the past decade. Earlier, the laparoscopic approach was criticized because of its steep learning curve, prolonged operative…

Introduction Partial cystectomy Partial cystectomy has been used in the extirpative management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer since the mid-20th century. However, poor disease-free and disease-specific survival have largely precluded its…

Introduction Perineal radical prostatectomy (PRP) is not a novel concept, and it has been over a century since its first description by Young. Young reported a case series including 10…