Fig. 2.1 The founding fathers of endoscopy. (a) Philipp Bozzini and his Lichtleiter, (b) Pierre Salamon Ségalas and his speculum urethra-cystique, (c) John Dix Fisher and his early American endoscope,…

Fig. 23.1 A transverse section of a red blood cell prostate phantom (left) treated with histotripsy in a “plus” pattern. Lysis of the red blood cells (lighter region) is a…

Fig. 3.1 Bozzini’s Lichleiter with one aperture for the user and one for light conductors (By Philipp Bozzini (1773–1809) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons; By Countincr at en.wikipedia (Transferred from…

1993 First reported case of HAL while performing splenectomy Boland et al. [31] 1994 First HAL nephrectomy Tierney et al. [32] 1996 HAL nephrectomy in a pig using PneumoSleeve Bannenberg…

Fig. 5.1 Theodore M. Davis (1889–1973) (Picture from the William P. Didusch Center for Urologic History, Linthicum, MD) The Stern resectoscope was further modified by McCarthy and Wappler who designed…

Fig. 15.1 Hydrodissection utilizing iodinated contrast medium during percutaneous renal cryoablation allows for safe mobilization of adjacent organs (a and b) Displacement of the colon (c) using hydrodissection with iodinated…

Fig. 1.1 Clio, Muse of History, 1800. Charles Meynier (French, 1768–1832). Oil on canvas; framed: 290 × 192.4 × 6.9 cm unframed: 273 × 176 cm The Cleveland Museum of Art, Severance and Greta Millikin Purchase…

Fig. 12.1 Dr. Arthur Smith, the Father of Endourology Dr. Smith’s collaboration with Kurt Amplatz, an interventional radiologist and medical inventor, would lead to numerous innovations which would further advance…

Fig. 24.1  The most investigated nanoparticles include Iron Oxide, Liposomes, Gold nanoshells, and carbon nanotubes Imaging Contemporary imaging like MRI and CT has already improved our ability to detect anatomical…