First author Location Age range Time period studied Incidence Henderson 2012 [6] Scotland < 16 years 2003–2008 2.1 Benchimol 2009 [7] Ontario, Canada < 18 years 1994–2005  1994 4.1 2005…

Small-intestinal enteropathy of unknown origin Intractable ulcerating enterocolitis of infancy Congenital enterocyte heparan sulfate deficiency Congenital intestinal integrin deficiency Congenital secretory diarrheas Congenital chloridorrhea Congenital Na-losing diarrhea Autoimmune enteropathy Diseases…

Fig. 31.1 Distribution of vessel involvement by large-vessel vasculitis, medium-vessel vasculitis and small-vessel vasculitis. Note that there is substantial overlap with respect to arterial involvement, and an important concept is…

Fig. 63.1 Histological features of autoimmune hepatitis. a Portal and periportal lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltrate, extending to and disrupting the parenchymal limiting plate (interface hepatitis). Swollen hepatocytes, pyknotic necroses…

Fig. 66.1 Factors associated with the pathogenesis of NAFLD. PNLA pectin lyase, APOC apolipoprotein C, TNF tumor necrosis factor, KLF Kruppel-like factor, PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acids, NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver…

Fig. 57.1 Biliary development and the ductal plate malformation (modified from [1]). a At 14 weeks of gestation, hepatoblasts in contact with portal vein mesenchyme adopt a biliary epithelial fate….

Parasite First-line medication(s) Alternative(s) Protozoa Giardia lamblia Metronidazole or tinidazole 1. Nitazoxanide, albendazole, mebendazole Entamoeba histolytica 1 Invasive disease 1. Metronidazole or tinidazole 1. Ornidazole and nitazoxanide 2. Asymptomatic carriers,…

Fig. 48.1 Air enema showing intussusception up to the rectum Spontaneous reduction is another possible outcome and reportedly occurs in almost 20 % of intussusceptions [4]. Etiology The pathogenesis of intussusception…

Fig. 70.1 Pathogenesis of liver cell injury is multifactorial with several factors influencing liver cell death and regeneration. When the net result is liver cell loss beyond a critical mass…

Fig. 53.1 Liver haematopoiesis A caudal part of the liver bud becomes the gallbladder and its stalk, the cystic duct [7]. The intrahepatic bile ducts develop from the limiting plates…