Fig. 6.1 Barium esophagram demonstrating each type of achalasia. Type 1 achalasia (a) with dilated esophagus and bird’s beak appearance at the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Type II achalasia (b)…

Fig. 5.1 Gastroscope with overtube (arrow) placed The required supplies for each step are listed in Table 5.1 with ancillary equipment described in Table 5.2. A clear endoscopic cap that…

Fig. 15.1 Initial longitudinal mucosal incision is performed following submucosal injection of a lifting solution.The submucosal space stained with the dilute methylene blue solution can be seen Fig. 15.2 The…

Fig. 12.1 Eckardt score However, patients’ symptoms following POEM may not necessarily be a reliable indicator of functional improvement after treatment as symptom resolution can occur without a significant improvement…

Fig. 16.1 Endoscopic interventions with submucosal navigation. (1) NOTES natural orifice transluminal surgery (SEMF valve approach). (2) Endoscopic myotomies—POEM peroral endoscopic myotomy, POP peroral pyloroplasty. (3) Endoscopic tumor resection—STER submucosal…

Fig. 14.1 GERD-HRQL. Scale: 0 = no symptoms. 1 = dymptoms noticeable, but not bothersome. 2 = symptoms noticeable and bothersome, but not every day. 3 = symptoms bothersome every day. 4 = symptoms affect daily activities. 5 = symptoms are incapacitating,…

Score Dysphagia Regurgitation Retrosternal pain Weight loss (kg) 0 None None None None 1 Occasional Occasional Occasional <5 2 Daily Daily Daily 5–10 3 Each meal Each meal Each meal…

  IRP % Normal peristalsis % Premature contractions (spasm) with normal DCI DCI (mmHg)(s)(cm) Type I/II achalasia High 0% 0% <100 Type III (spastic achalasia) High 0% 20% >450 DES…

Fig. 10.1 Global distribution of cases of Chagas disease, based on official estimates, 2006–2010. Image ©World Health Organization, 2010 Transmission of the parasitic protozoa occurs mostly via hematophagous insects of…