The treatment of kidney stone disease has changed dramatically over the past 30 years. This change is due in large part to the arrival of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)….
Imaging plays a critical role in the evaluation of patients with urolithiasis. It is essential for the diagnosis of stones and provides important information to aide in determining the appropriate…
Although nonnutritional factors affect the risk for renal stone development, nutrition is widely viewed as contributory and is frequently included as part of the therapeutic regimen in secondary stone prevention….
The pathophysiology of the various forms of urinary stone disease remains a complex topic. Epidemiologic research and the study of urine and serum chemistries have created an abundance of data…
Evaluation of stone formers should include careful attention to medications, past medical history, social history, family history, dietary evaluation, occupation, and laboratory evaluation. Laboratory evaluation requires at least serum chemistries…
The rate of clinical understaging in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) after an initial transurethral resection (TUR) is significant, particularly for high-grade disease, and this has a major impact on…
Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) represents approximately 70% of all incident cases of bladder cancer. The financial burden of NMIBC continues to increase, underscoring the importance of efficient, evidence-based management…
This article addresses the spectrum of atypia and dysplasia within the bladder epithelium and the diagnostic categories developed to further classify challenging lesions. In addition, the effects of inflammation, specific…
Treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMBIC) requires direct visual appreciation of the tumor. Transurethral resection that is dependent solely on white light cystoscopy (WLC) often fails to accurately stage…
Bladder cancer is a common diagnosis, affecting 70,000 Americans each year. Because the diagnosis, management, and long-term follow-up of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer requires advanced imaging and invasive testing, economic…
