Nephrotic Syndrome: Primary and Secondary

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Nephrotic Syndrome: Primary and Secondary
Key Points • Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical condition arising from podocyte injury, typically associated with glomerular diseases collectively termed podocytopathies. These disorders are characterized ultrastructurally by diffuse effacement of…
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Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
Pathophysiology of Clinical Acute Kidney Injury The three major pathophysiologic categories—namely, prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal (obstructive)—provide a framework for understanding the mechanisms of acute kidney injury (AKI). Prerenal Acute Kidney…
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Tubulointerstitial Diseases

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Tubulointerstitial Diseases
Key points • Tubulointerstitial diseases are a relatively common cause of acute kidney injury (10%–20% of cases) and are likely to be a significant unrecognized cause of chronic kidney disease…
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Kidney Lesions Associated With Dysproteinemias

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Kidney Lesions Associated With Dysproteinemias
Key Points • Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance is the clonal disorder that causes monoclonal immunoglobulin–induced kidney diseases that do not meet criteria for multiple myeloma or high-grade lymphoma. •…
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Urinary Tract Infection in Adults

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Urinary Tract Infection in Adults
Key Points • Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common problem for all ages, affecting primarily healthy females and individuals with underlying genitourinary abnormalities. With advancing age, healthy males become…
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Pathophysiology of Proteinuria

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Pathophysiology of Proteinuria
Mechanisms of Proteinuria One of the most common features of glomerular diseases is an abnormal excretion of plasma proteins in the urine. Complex changes in the structure and function of…
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Prevention and Management of Acute Kidney Injury

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Prevention and Management of Acute Kidney Injury
Key Points • Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a pleomorphic syndrome defined by rapid loss of kidney function that has multiple etiologies and clinical manifestations. • Clinically, acute kidney injury…
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Anatomy of the Kidney

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Anatomy of the Kidney
The structure of the kidney including the ultrastructure of individual cell types, their axial distribution, and arrangement within the kidney is essential to normal renal function. In this chapter, we…
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Sex and Gender in Kidney Health and Disease

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Sex and Gender in Kidney Health and Disease
Key points • There is sexual dimorphism in the kidney, with differences in kidney physiology and disease linked to sex-specific autosomal gene expression, sex chromosome complement, and the biological actions…
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