Nephrolithiasis

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Nephrolithiasis
Nephrolithiasis (aliases: kidney stone disease, urolithiasis) is the abnormal formation and retention of solid-phase inorganic and organic concretions in the lumen of the urinary tract. Nephrolithiasis is not a diagnosis…
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Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis and Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis and Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease
Key Points • Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody glomerulonephritis is present in 70% of AAV patients, while kidney involvement in antiglomerular basement membrane disease is almost 100%. • Antiglomerular basement membrane disease…
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Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis
Key Points The umbrella term “infection-related glomerulonephritis (IRGN)” includes glomerular diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. While bacteria are commonly associated with IRGNs in industrialized countries, chronic parasitic…
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Urinary Tract Obstructio n

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Urinary Tract Obstructio n
Key points • Hydronephrosis and obstructive uropathy are not interchangeable terms—dilatation of the renal pelvis and calices can occur without obstruction, and urinary tract obstruction may occur in the absence…
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IgA Nephropathy and IgA Vasculitis

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on IgA Nephropathy and IgA Vasculitis
Key Points • IgA nephropathy is the most common primary glomerular disease worldwide. • IgA nephropathy carries a high life-time risk of kidney failure. • Production of poorly O-glycosylated polymeric…
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Genetics of Kidney Disease

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Genetics of Kidney Disease
Key Points • A precise genetic diagnosis in a patient with Mendelian disease can provide diagnostic and prognostic information for the patient and allow predictive testing to be offered to…
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Complement-Mediated Kidney Diseases

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Complement-Mediated Kidney Diseases
Key Points • In several diseases the tight homeostasis of the complement system is disrupted and results in overactivation of the complement system by genetic alterations, autoantibodies, or immune-complex formation….
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Kidney Cancer

May 3, 2026 by in NEPHROLOGY Comments Off on Kidney Cancer
Key Points • Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is diagnosed in approximately 81,000 patients per year in the United States. • Many more patients will be incidentally found to have a…
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