The Immunology of Transplantation
Introduction Solid organ transplant requires the removal of an organ from one individual, the donor, and its placement in the recipient. Whether the donor is living or deceased, this process…
Chronic Kidney Failure: Renal Replacement Therapy
Introduction Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is a general term encompassing a range of different treatment modalities for patients with what was formally termed acute renal failure and end-stage kidney disease,…
Kidney Transplantation: A History
The modern period of transplantation began in the late 1950s, but two earlier periods of interest in clinical and experimental transplantation were the early 1950s and the first two decades…
Neonatal Gastrointestinal Tract as a Conduit to Systemic Inflammation
Outline Overview Components and Functions of the Gastrointestinal Epithelium Microbiome and Diversity Special Neonatal Challenges Total Parenteral Nutrition Antibiotic Use and the Microbiome Gastrointestinal Impact on Systemic Inflammation Developmental Sequelae…
New Lipid Strategies to Prevent/Treat Neonatal Cholestasis
Outline Introduction Role of Intravenous Lipid Emulsions Inflammatory Characteristics of Oil Source Other Oil Sources Role of Phytosterols in the Pathogenesis of IFALD Other Plant Toxins Alpha-Tocopherol Impact of Lipid…
Adult Consequences of Neonatal and Fetal Nutrition: Mechanisms
Outline Early Nutrition and Adult Phenotype Developmental Biology of the Adult Consequences of Neonatal and Fetal Nutrition Fetus/Intrauterine Growth Restriction Metabolism Leptin Adiponectin Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Cardiovascular Renal Morphogenesis Endothelial…
What Are the Controversies, and Where Will the Field be Moving in the Future?
Brenda Poindexter, MD, MS Josef Neu, MD In this third edition of Gastroenterology and Nutrition: Neonatology Questions and Controversies , a number of emerging controversies have been identified by esteemed leaders in…
Maturation of Motor Function in the Preterm Infant and Gastroesophageal Reflux
Outline Upper Gastrointestinal Motility and Physiology Diagnosis of Gastroesophageal Reflux and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Physiologic Gastroesophageal Reflux Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease—Symptoms Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease—Diagnostic Tests Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease—Treatment Nonpharmacologic Measures Pharmacologic…
Controversies in Short Bowel Syndrome
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is defined as reduced small bowel length that leads to intestinal failure. Intestinal failure (IF) is defined as a condition caused by inadequate intestinal absorption of…
Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Neonatology Questions and Controversies
Outline Introduction NEC—Back to Basics Microbiome Antibiotics Antireflux Medications Blood Transfusions Feedings Probiotics Conclusion Introduction Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating disease that continues to remain poorly understood. NEC…
